Develop Road Safety Culture

Transportation is one of the basic things that people use and need in their everyday lives. We use different modes of transportation like airplanes, trains, boats, cars, and motorcycles. But the most abundant and commonly used of these are the cars, buses, and motorcycles. This is the reason why there are a lot of vehicular accidents that happen every day. It may be caused by a lack of discipline of the driver, refusal to follow traffic rules, or poor infrastructure. Vehicular accidents usually lead to injuries or even death.However, there are traffic laws that may prevent these kinds of accidents to happen, but it is still up to the driver to follow these rules. Every day when we open the newspaper we read about many road accidents. Millions of people nowadays are killed of accidents. But did anybody try to analyse the reasons of this serious problem? How to avoid this much of accident every day? Who is responsible for it? How can we manage to decrease the danger & effects of these accidents? How can we develop a system where the road safety culture can easily inherit? Simply it's by understanding our road safety rule ; regulations.The only solution to avoid these kinds of problems is to develop a road safety culture in general people so that they follow the Safety rules and obey the laws of Traffics. Many people are not learning about road safety at their schools. In my opinion, I see that we must educate our children in young ages about road safety ; how to safe ourselves when we are walking in the road. Many of our children go to schools by foot when their schools are not far away from their houses. This is not only the teachers responsibility as well as their parents responsibility too.Apart of this the Government also has too look very deeply into the roads infrastructure and creates the different lines as per the category of the vehicle and Zebra crossing with the attendants who will help needy people to cross the roads. I understand that nobody want to have an accident in his life. And nobody wants anyone to accuse him. In my opinion there are two major reasons for this high number of accidents, speed ; carelessness. So we must advise drivers to drive on the limits of the local roads ; accuse them or their families when the reason of accident was because of high speed driving.Drivers must be well educated regarding road safety ; what to do what not to do. This is also not enough to control the speed, Government need to take a strict action about this to create a low that the people should fear to drive very fast or beyond the speed limit. Normally once the License if granted to one person that is valid for next 15 years, but I think it should be reduced to 5 Years and after 5 Years he has to give again the written and driving test for the renewal of the Licenses. Many people are killed, left seriously injured ; incapacitated for life. Why?Because many teenagers drive without license, drives fast ; careless regarding this issue, ta lking over phone while driving, non-maintained vehicle or drunk. All the signals at least should have CCTV cameras so that is any one breaks the signals can capture by Camera. RF IDs should be installed in every car so that by the help of speedometer the speed and the details of the car can be captured easily. Huge number of the Traffic control Cops need to be appointing so that before thinking of breaking any traffic rules any one can see the appearance of the cops also to punish.These are the least not last Road safety tricks; we just need to remember whatever we learnt and follow these rules and I think to make a Culture to follow the Road safety rules Media, campaign, Education system and the strict rules can help us to develop and a Road Safety Culture in Modern era. If we all contribute to create a society where everyone just follow the rules and also help others to follow Road safety rules then very soon I think a Culture will automatically develop and which will automaticall y inherit to our children.

Employment Responsibilities and Rights Essay

Learning Outcome 1. 1.1 List the aspects of employment covered by law. Aspects that are covered by law are as followed, anti-discrimination provisions to protect against gender, race, disability, age, working hours and holiday entitlements. Sickness absence and sick pay. Data protection for personal information. Health and safety. Criminal records Bureau (CRB) checks when starting work within a healthcare setting. 1.2 List the main features of current employment legislation. The main features are as followed, minimum wage, hours worked, Discrimination, health and safety, holiday entitlements, redundancy and dismissal, disciplinary procedures, training and union rights. Health and safety laws cover the work conditions, and minimum wage and other laws set basic compensation levels. There’s also the disability act, manual handling operations and regulations, data protection act, general social care council code 2001 and RIDDOR. 1.3 Outline why legislation relating to employment exists. Legislation relating to employment exists to stop exploitation of workers by their employers mainly to protect the rights of their employee’s and to make sure that they have everything they need such as safety standards, holiday entitlement, maternity leave, redundancy payments, discrimination laws, maximum working hours and age requirement. 1.4 Identify sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights. Sources of information and advice can be found in the HR department, from your line manager or your manager’s manager. The Citizens Advice Bureau, community legal advice, trade unions, additional learning support and from representative bodies. Read more:  Employer and Employee Statutory Rights and Responsibilities Learning Outcome 2. 2.1 Describe the terms and conditions of your own contract of employment. The terms and conditions of my contract of employment are the commencement date of which I started working for the organisation. Information about my probationary period where it explains that the first three months of my employment will be probationary so that I and the organisation can assess the suitability of this arrangement. My contract states my job title, which is care assistant. There’s information about the pay rate during the week  and a different rate of pay at weekends and bank holidays, along with how often we are paid. My normal hours of work each week and holiday entitlement are stated. Which explains that I’m entitled to 28 days holiday a year but only permitted to take a maximum of 10 days at any one time. Also listed is information about sick pay and how much notice to give when leaving the organisation. My contract explains about the uniform that is provided. There’s i nformation about the CRB checks that every member of staff has when starting. 2.2 Describe the information shown on your own pay statement. The information on my pay statement is my name, national insurance number, tax code and the dates of the four weeks that I have been paid for. It details the amount of hours worked for the four weeks with the rate of pay for weekdays, weekends and any bank holidays or holidays booked during that time and the value. There’s a list for tax deductions and national insurance deductions. The total amount of tax paid since working for the organisation. At the bottom of my pay statement there is the total gross pay which is the amount earned before tax deductions. Underneath there is the total amount of tax deductions for the four weeks. The net pay is the amount left over when tax deductions have been taken away from the total gross pay. 2.3 Describe the procedures to follow in an event of a grievance. The grievance should be raised verbally with your line manager or manager’s manager. It should be done in confidence giving full details and sufficient time to consider the facts of the case and where appropriate take remedial action. If your line manager not be able to satisfactorily resolve the grievance, the matter should be referred either verbally or in writing to the home manager whose decision will be final. An employee is entitled to have another person present at any stage of the procedure. 2.4 Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with your own employer. Personal information that must be up dated is your change in marital status, address and telephone numbers. A change of next of kin details. National insurance number and tax code. Qualifications and work history. Any medical restrictions, absence details, training and data protection. 2.5 Explain agreed ways of working with employer. Agreed ways of working with your employer are following health and safety procedures, implement agreed ways to follow care plans. Following procedures  when someone needs to take time off either for personal reason or holiday. Giving your employer the correct time needed to organise shifts for sickness. Learning Outcome 3 3.1 Explain how our own role fits within the delivery of the service provider. My role fits within the delivery of the service provider because I am maintaining the organisations reputation and setting high standards. Following uniform policies by dressing smartly and wearing the correct uniform. Attending staff training and completing e-learning course so that I’m up to date with policies and procedures. Treating the service users with dignity and making sure they keep their independence. Also communication with other health care professionals, service users and their family on a regular basis. 3.2 Explain the effect of own role on service provision. Being a care assistant I support the unit managers and senior care assistants by communicating with them. I keep them up to date with any changes regarding the service users like their behaviour and any medical conditions which have either got worse or better. I follow all policies and procedures when undertaking tasks so that I’m complying with CQC standards. Working in a team we can support the service users to maintain their independence, individuality and basis rights. To ensure the safety of staff and service users all health and safety policies are followed. 3.3 Describe how own role links to the wider sector. Working as a care assistant we are linked to a variety of health care professionals such as doctors who come in once a week for check-ups on service users and possibly giving prescriptions so that we can monitor their condition. We also have district nurses and hospitals who require monthly check-ups and we have to update them on the service users condition from carers who work with them on a daily basis. 3.4 Describe the main roles and responsibilities of representative bodies that influence the wider sector. CQC go to a wide range of care settings to make sure essential standards of quality and safety are being met at all times. All staff that work within the health care industry follow all the appropriate policies and procedures to ensure the safety of the service user and staff. Learning Outcome 4 4.1 Explore different types of occupational opportunities. The different types of occupational opportunities are gaining a level 3 NVQ and working as a senior carer and eventually working towards becoming a unit manager. 4.2 Identify sources of information related to chosen career pathway. Information relating to a chosen career pathway could be to talk to your unit manager about progression to a senior care assistant and find out the relevant training and qualifications that are needed for the role. Another source is the NHS website for job similar to a care assistant such as a health care assistant which assistant the nurses. 4.3 Identify next steps in own career pathway. In order to become a senior care assistant I would need to complete my NVQ level 2 and medication course. Do the relevant training at work and then complete an NVQ level 3.

Nike Sweatshop

Trust Nikkei Inc. , the sports apparel multinational company has been under suspicion and scrutiny for their practice of the unfair treatment and negligent labor habits In their offshore factories. They have been criticized for human rights abuse, child labor law violations, as well as minimum wages and trade union relations violations within a number of Asian countries. They subsequently misguided the public in an attempt to make one believe there is no substance to the allegations of their involvement.The abusive and exploitative treatment and working conditions In these factories has been touted as Inhumane In nature as well as an Implored violation of worker's human rights (Figure 1). Some of the most common abuses being Imposed upon their workers were insufficient pay (Figure 2), inferior and hazardous working conditions, below standard living conditions and long grueling hours away from their families and home. In 2000 more than 11,000 sweatshops violated minimum wage and over time laws.This type of behavior brings to question their ability to gain trust thin their company amongst their employees, their investors, and the public. This hinges on one aspect of Interpersonal behavior found In Nine's sweatshops. By definition, trust is a culture of transparent communication which forms a foundation for building relationships. A sense of safety and the level of comfort when it comes to interpersonal interaction; this pervades a workplace that should developed and nurture a culture of trust (About. Com). NIKKEI Inc. Pays Tiger Woods enough money that he could purchase a house In the slums of Indonesia every second, while it pays heir factory workers low wages. It takes a worker In Indonesia work roughly 9. 5 years to make what Tiger makes In one round of golf Figure 3 shows the hourly wage for a Nikkei factory worker in Indonesia is $0. 34 an hour, which comes up to roughly $23. 80 a week per worker. This barely gives workers enough wages to cover their daily n eeds, versus $925. 00 per week for a comparable job in the United States. From an equity theory stance, this could lead to mistrust for Nine's underpaid workers.Nine's blatant unwillingness early on to be fair and Just In establishing equal pay for equal ark clearly would give their workers a sense of mistrust by taking advantage of not only the economic hardships within the country In which they've set up shop: but also by underrepresented what would be considered a â€Å"fair† wage if Nine's factory had been established in the United States. According to Greenberg the equity theory states, â€Å"People are motivated to maintain, equitable relationships between themselves and others and to avoid those relationships that are inequitable†.According to an AM Broadcast (201 3), unions In Indonesia say at least six Nikkei- contracted factories have applied to be exempt from paying an Increases to the minimum wage rate. According to Jim Keyed, founder of Educating for Justi ce, â€Å"this is a clear violation of Nine's code of conduct and in a more general sense; the minimum wage is a poverty wage alone. To pay less than the minimum wage I Just think absolutely runs counter to Nine's public claims that they care about the welfare of their workers and they want to see them have decent lives. Nikkei has also been accused of using deplorable tactics and coercion to force workers to produce Nine's defiant workers. If an employee doesn't do what is asked of them, they are whipped, eaten, killed, threatened at gun point, and subjected to search and seizure tactics within their homes. In any environment, work related or otherwise, where there is such brutality, an employee's emotional state and lack of positive motivation invites vulnerability, both internal as well as externally prohibiting those involved in any attempt at establishing trust.Typical in any relationship, as it applies to working conditions, when one person perceives that management and/or th e organization does not place a vested interest in their wellbeing equal to the organization itself, there is breach in confidence and trust. Corporate Responsibility: The pyramid of corporate social responsibility is composed of four types of responsibilities: Philanthropic, Ethical, Legal and Financial. According to Greenberg, â€Å"To be socially responsible, companies must meet the four types of responsibilities (2013).Nikkei has portrayed its sweatshop allegations as more of a crime against public relations rather than face that they've violated the factory workers' human rights. Their strategic decision has been to mislead the public. They have avoided addressing key issues regarding wages, forced overtime and suppression of workers' eight to freedom of association. This has led credence to civil and human rights groups to be Justifiably correct in treating Nikkei with suspicion. NIKKEI, Inc. ‘s code of ethics for all employees called, Inside the Lines, addresses the ex pectations of Nines' employees.It clearly defines the expectations of its employees to follow and include a range of topics regarding: employee activity, ethical behavior, product safety, legal compliance, competition and use of resources. Nine's code of conduct specifically addresses and places emphasis on the conduct of contractors that manufacture Nikkei-branded products. It directs them to respect the rights of their employees and promises to provide workers with a safe and healthy work environment. Nine's code of conduct states, â€Å"Nine's good name and reputation result in large part from our collective actions.That means the work-related activities of every employee must reflect standards of honesty, loyalty, trustworthiness, fairness, concern for others and accountability. We are expected to be sensitive to any situations that can adversely impact Nine's reputation and are expected to use good Judgment and common sense in the way we all conduct business. This Code of Ethi cs applies to Nikkei and its subsidiaries worldwide† (Nikkei, 2009). Yet, Nine's actions go completely against their policy regarding ethics and conduct.A clear violation of trust, as well as under- minding the responsibility of a reputable corporation to do what is morally and ethically right. It wasn't until the brutal working conditions, and intimidation tactics against these factory workers were exposed and Nine's corporate image was at stake. Price Waterholes Coopers (PWS), an independent monitoring firm hired by NIKKEI Inc to conduct interviews and surveys of the overseas factories. The interviews with Nine's factory workers lasted approximately 7 to 10 minutes each.The venue in which the interviews were conducted were not in a private setting where workers could express themselves openly, which was intimidating at best. In 1999, a worker in an Indonesia factory stated, that PWS or NIKKEI interviewed three line workers, the supervisors knew who the workers were and appro ached them after the interview to try to discover what they had disclosed. Clear violation of trust, workers could not workers to express themselves without reprisal. As you can see in the chart labeledFigure 4, Nikkei revenue sales were impact after the Nikkei scandal broke. While it appears revenue sales are beginning to incline there was a definite dip, which more than likely can be attributed to the scandal regarding Nine's business practices and treatment toward factory workers abroad as opposed to that of workers in the United States. NIKKEI sales are on the rise due to endorsements form Derek Jester ( New York Yankees), Eddie Jones (Miami Heat), Vince Carter (Toronto Raptors) and of course, Michael Jordan.Also, they have almost fixed the labor problems worldwide that have bothered them for years. Therefore, Nikkei is moving in the right direction to regain corporate social trust. Recommendations: Build Trust & Improve Corporate Responsibility From an ethical and corporate res ponsibility standpoint Nikkei should understand that they have obligation not only to their employees but to consumers as well to live up to the ethos they embody. Building trust amongst and commitment amongst their employees is vital to improving their corporate image.Enhancing their social image could attract more customers and investors, therefore provide positive benefits while creating a working environment that where employees feel safe, expected and valued will promote productivity and positive cash flow for the company. For example, to improve its public image, Nikkei could do the following: Establish a team to perform audits or inspection of facilities. Actively invest in the education of their overseas workers and/or their children to ensure they are taught valuable skills to better themselves. Offer opportunities for upward mobility.Create scholarships for the children of these families who have demonstrated the want to better themselves (this will do wonders to build cre dibility between Nikkei and the employee). Provide better health care for offshore workers possibly for a minimal fee so that the coverage is equivalent to that which is offered to their counter parts in the United States. Directly invest money into the surrounding communities (this will foster a sense of goodwill as well as increasing the number of qualified applicants for positions that need to be filled).Connect employees to financial services that can aid in providing relief and resources to help with obtaining adequate and habitable housing. Establish partnerships with non-profit organizations that promote the embodiment of humanity. Would do well to implement lessons learned or post- assessment process to address or curtail future issues before they get out of hand. Conduct forums which allow for the exchanging of ideas between the workers and management (this will create a sense of commitment and belonging).Ensure that a percentage of the supervisors and managers come from th e host nation (this should help to establish trust and alleviate cultural tension). Nikkei has a corporate responsibility to all stakeholders. Engaging in one or more of these suggestions could position them well on their way to be viewed as a company that cares for its rockers, appreciates its customers, respects its shareholders and its workers, as well as, is committed to society. The majority of the recommendations listed here are feasible. It will require NIKKEI to invest in its employees.

To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality Essay - 9

To what extent can improvements in productive flow and product quality lead to an increase in sales and profit - Essay Example Implementation of the new EHR systems requires the incorporation of older records into the patient’s electronic health record. One of the strategies involved in the incorporation of old records is scanning of older documents and including them in the system in the image format. However, studies by Ventres et al., (124–31) affirm that most physicians do not prefer inclusion of scanned images in the electronic systems. They prefer full electronic data-based systems because most scanned images are normally unclear; therefore difficult to read. The problem can be resolved through the development of EHR systems with image archival characteristics for converting the scanned documents into full electronic health records. The written records can also be converted into electronic formats through scanning the documents and then performing the Optical Data Recognition (OPR). Accurate recognition may not achieve the required clarity levels while illegible handwriting is poorly reco gnized by the optical character readers. This leads to the formation of the records that are difficult to read. The most successful strategy is making of the state’s database records available for transfer through downloading into individual health records. Privacy. Currently, health records are vulnerable for transmission and exchange over the internet. Rule for access, storage, auditing, authentications and transmission of medical records are contained in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) (Zaroukian 53-55). Although the restrictions are geared towards promoting the privacy of these records, concerns over the adequacy of the implementation of these standards exist. According to Zaroukian (56), implementation of the privacy regulations can only be achieved through enhancing cooperation between the public, health providers and service providers. The privacy concerns are the prominent challenge stalling the

Generate ideas fr future research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Generate ideas fr future - Research Paper Example Thus, I would like to select the topic – â€Å"Recent Changes and Future Potentials in Healthcare Sector†. According to Ranmuthugala, Plumb, Cunningham, Georgiou, Westbrook and Braithwaite (2011), the healthcare industry has been witnessing considerable changes in its governance systems and leadership practices correspondingly. It is owing to these changes that the industry is still perceived to lack a firm leadership framework, resulting in various gaps within its decision-making efficiency (Bercaw, 2013). Munir, Nielsen, Garde, Albertsen and Carneiro (2011) also argued on the gaps still persistent in the healthcare sector, particularly owing to the fluctuations it witnesses in the leadership practices. Thus, it is to test the notion that I intend to consider this particular topic. In order to conduct a research based on the topic I have selected, I would initially conduct a preliminary research to validate my assumptions and draw precise aims and objectives to give further direction to my research. Subsequently, I will select the research design that can best justify my topic, which I expect to be most suitable through a case study analysis method. Correspondingly, I will emphasize collecting data and analyzing the same to justify my perceptions. I will also deliver due significance to ethical considerations that will help me validate my arguments more precisely. Mayosi, B. M., Lawn, J. E., Niekerk, A. V., Bradshaw, D., Karim, S. S. A. and Coovadia, H. M. (2012). Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009. Retrieved from http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/9521/Health%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf?sequence=1 Munir, F., Nielsen, K., Garde, A. H., Albertsen, K. and Carneiro, I. G. (2011). Mediating the effects of work–life conflict between transformational leadership and health-care workers job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing. Journal of

How Can the Photographers Prevent Illegal Publishing of Their Phostos Essay

How Can the Photographers Prevent Illegal Publishing of Their Phostos In the Internet - Essay Example This essay stresses that in the modern world, with the advances of the technology, the infringement of copyright law is taking place not only in the real life but in the World Wide Web as well. In comparison with the real life, where infringing materials can be destroyed and their authors punished, the internet cannot be shut down. Therefore, it is often used for illegal purposes. The materials infringed can be of various characters: be it musical files, films, sound recording or photographs. This research paper will focus on one type of the works, namely works of photographers. This paper makes a conclusion that the study will, therefore, elaborate the copyright law on infringement in different countries and the loopholes attached with it. The different types of infringements will be discussed in the paper. For instance, Primary infringement stands for ‘the copying of a work, making available to the public and adaptation of it’ and secondary infringement involves ‘dealings with infringing copies through acts of importation, sale, or other distribution’. There are a number of stock photo companies on the internet and significantly, a good number of people have been fined for copying and using the photographs from the web without buying them. Earlier researches are also a proof of it. Despite such fines and checks, the illegal usage of images, designs and text goes unabated. This report has looked at the illegal publishing of photos on the internet and the problems that authors of those photos often have to deal with.

United States history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

United States history - Essay Example The issue of democracy in America in general is one which has been debated on and about for ages, and the matter of whether or not capitalism has played a larger role in the defining of American foreign policy when compared to democracy is one which is incredibly significant and relevant overall.There are many different factors which need to be taken into consideration in order to be able to properly determine the answer to this posing, and this particularly in regards to the reasons that America became involved in foreign affairs in the late 19th century, as well as the motivations for their entering both world wars and the progress of the Cold War, for instance. All of these issues have great influence on the matter of whether democracy or capitalism should be considered as being more important in the defining of American foreign policy, and thus they all must be thoroughly addressed and discussed. The aim of this paper is to consider all aspects of both democracy and capitalism wh ich are two tremendously dynamic and substantial subjects on their own, and to compare their similarities and differences in order to be able to properly determine which has played more of a role in creating and defining American foreign policy since the 1800s. We will be able to do this by discussing the previously mentioned issues as well as any and all other key and related factors relevant to this case. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The term democracy is one which is typically used in the context of a political state however the principles are also applicable to numerous other groups and organizations. There are several different forms of democracy, with the most major being: representative, liberal, direct, socialist, anarchist, tribal, and consensus. The representative, liberal, and direct forms of democracy are the most well-known, and they are considered as follows: representative democracy is the form of democracy which involves the selection of government officials by the people, and one characteristic of representative democracy in particular is that of the fact that while the representatives are elected by the people, to act in their interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgment as how best to do so; liberal democracy is a form representative democracy with free and fair elections along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liber ties; and the direct form of democracy is one which is largely referred to as being "a political system where the citizens vote on all major policy decisions. It is called direct because, in the classical forms, there are no intermediaries or representatives. All direct democracies to date have been relatively small communities, usually city-states. However, some see the extensive use of referenda, as in California, as akin to direct democracy in a very large polity with more than 20 million potential voters" (Wikipedia, 2007). Capitalism, on the other hand, is a term which generally refers to an economic system in which "the means of production are mostly privately owned and operated for profit, and in which distribution, production and pricing of goods and services are determined in a largely free market. It is usually considered to involve the right of individuals and groups of individuals acting as 'legal persons' or corporations to trade capital goods, labor, land and money" (Boyer, Clark & Kett, 2002). The first actual theories of capitalism came about in the context of the Industrial Revolution, and this followed the social theorist Karl Marx in particular, and these theories were generally used to criticize the concept. The

Case Study-Sting Ray Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

-Sting Ray - Case Study Example PoolVac also wishes to use its sales data for the last 26 quarters to estimate demand for its Sting Ray.Demand for Sting Rays is specified to be a linear function as the following: 1. Run the appropriate regression to estimate the average variable cost function (AVC) for Sting Rays. Evaluatethe statistical significance of the three estimated parameters using a significance level of 5 percent. Be sure tocomment on the algebraic signs of the three parameter estimates. (30%) At a confidence level of 95% (5% level of significance), all the three parameters are significant, as they have a p-value of less than 0.05. Notably, a (intercept) has a p-value of 1.96*10-17, while the coefficients b and have p –values of 0.000342 and 0.01299, respectively The model implies that average variable costs is a function of both Q and square of Q. the first parameter, intercept is 152, implying that the expected average cost at constant quantity is 152. As quantity varies, average cost will vary directly with Q2 (positive parameter) and inversely with the quantity (negative coefficient). Notably an increase in quantity does not necessarily increase average variable cost, the effect depends on which variable(either Q or Q2 ) has a greater influence. Evaluate the statistical significance of the three estimated slope parameters using a significance level of 5percent. Discuss the appropriateness of the algebraic signs of each of the three slope parameter estimates.(20%) h= 3.166Ph and p-value of 0.027, implies that holding price and income constant, If competitors reduce their prices by a unit, customers shift from sting ray to its substitutes hence demand reduces by 3.166 units and vice versa. 5. The manager at PoolVac, Inc. believes Howard Industries is going to price its automatic pool cleaner at $250,and average household income in the U.S. is expected to be $65,000. Using the regression results from Question 4, write the estimated demand function (with only P as

Financial Statements Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Statements Analysis - Research Paper Example Financial ratios enable to understand operating performance and financial condition of the company through profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, activity ratio, financial leverage ratio, and shareholders’ ratio. This assignment conducts a financial ratio analysis of two companies of Airline Industry; they are Lufthansa Airline (LH), and Emirates Airlines (EK). Financial ratios are evaluated using information from the income statement and balance sheet. These two documents are obtained from the websites (â€Å"Lufthansa Annual Report 2013†,n.d; â€Å"The Emirates Group Annual Report 2012-2013†). Financial ratios are evaluated for the years 2012, and 2013. Liquidity ratio measures short-term solvency – the ability of the company to meet its debt obligation. It is expressed through the financial ratios, such as Current ratio (CR) = Current assets / Current liabilities, and Quick ratio (QR) = (Cash + Marketable Securities + Receivables) / Current liabilities. It is expected that a company current assets will be higher than the current liability. The values of current ratios in Table 1 shows that Lufthansa can somehow cover its current obligation while Emirates has about 3 times current assets to cover its current liabilities. The quick ratio values show that LH is less liquid than EK; can only manage to repay less than 50% of its current liability using cash and cash equivalents. The industry average quick ratio is 0.4 (â€Å"Airline Industry†, n.d.); it shows that LH is on the line with the industry while EK is in a better position than most companies in the industry These ratios belong to the efficiency category; it shows how efficiently a company is using its assets. This assignment uses Inventory turnover (IT) = Cost of goods sold (COGS) / Inventory, Fixed asset turnover = Revenue / Fixed assets, Assets turnover = Revenue / Total asset, and Day’s sales outstanding (DSO) = 365 / Receivable turnover = 365 / (Revenue / Receivable) to

Choose either 100 best poems for Children or Peter Pan Essay

Choose either 100 best poems for Children or Peter Pan - Essay Example Peter Pan; or the Boy who Wouldn’t Grow Up, when first staged in 1904, was received with almost unanimous enthusiasm. The critics though appreciative were ‘a little cautious and puzzled’ (Watson, 2009, p. 143); and not surprisingly so. Peter Pan was no ordinary children’s tale. With its queer mixture of childlike fantasy and very adult dark humour, even the first, spectacular viewing of the play must have hinted at the layers of subliminal messages it contained. Peter Pan evidently deserved further penetration. The Peter Pan myth, as indeed it grew to become, has been interpreted with various perspectives. The Spectacle used in the play, the psychological character of Peter and Wendy’s relationship, the biographical link to Barrie’s own experiences with the Llewellyn Davies boys – have all been scrutinised and commented upon. But the most prominent observation the play seems to make, and Barrie through it, is on the divide separating ch ildren and grown-ups. What does Peter Pan say about childhood and adulthood? Or to divide it further, on girlhood and boyhood? Does this commentary hold ground a hundred years after its inception? In what ways have its interpretations changed? Children are known (and often rebuked) for asking too many questions: what better way to begin such an exploration than to try and answer these? Barrie’s treatment of adult males in his play might be a good place to begin. Neither of the two significant men characters, Mr. Darling and Captain Hook, is portrayed charitably. Mr. Darling has the trappings of a characteristic patriarchal head, but that is all. He holds no real authority, either at the workplace ‘where he sits on a stool all day, as fixed as a postage stamp’ (Barrie, 2008 [1904], Act I) or at home; as is evident in the scene about the medicine between him and Michael in Act I. Without being too simplistic, one can sum up Mr. Darling as a fussy man, too anxious about social propriety and not

Critical Analysis of Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Analysis of Research - Essay Example This document explores in detail, the purpose of the research, the techniques used in data collection and data analysis, findings of the research, the limitations of the study and finally gives the conclusion of the research. The document starts by giving an introduction to the study. In the introduction, the study provides a definition of power and then explores the various dimensions of power as brought out by different studies in the past. The document then explains how the research was conducted. It includes the qualifications and originality of the original researcher involved in the study and the methods of data collection and analysis. The document then goes ahead to give a detailed account of the findings of the study in relation to the three dimensions of power. The paper finally gives the limitations of the study and finally gives a clear conclusion from the study. Like any other study conducted before, this study has its strengths, weaknesses and assumptions that character ize it. These strengths and weaknesses manifest in the various stages of the study as outlined. In the introduction, the document gives a clear definition of terms as used in the study to enable any reader to understand the material as intended. It also provides a historical background of the study of the various dimensions of power, outlines the three aspects of power and how they manifest in society in general. It then gives a description of the different modes of public participation to prepare the reader for the case studies that form the backbone of the study (Culley & Hughey 2008: 100). The study uses a variety of techniques to collect the data required for the study. It is a major strength of the study since it is easy to determine the consistency of the obtained data from the various sources before making a meaningful conclusion. Interview was one of the methods of data collection

Proposal Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Proposal Cover Letter Essay Enclosed please find the protocol and consent form for the study, â€Å"Name of Study.† I have also enclosed a copy of the State University Institutional Review Board’s approval, dated January 12, 2002, and the Tribal Council’s approval, dated December 15, 2001. We propose to conduct a population-based study of all tribal members age 60 and greater on the Tribe Reservation. Individuals participating in the project will receive both a comprehensive medical evaluation at the Tribal Health and Wellness Center and a safety and functional evaluation in their home performed by a tribal member. While providing researchers at State University data regarding the prevalence of dementia and other chronic disabilities, the study also offers valuable information to both individual tribal members and the Tribal community. We have met with both staff and tribal members on the reservation on several occasions to discuss this project. We have received official approval of the project from both the Tribal Council and the Health and Welfare Committee. We have scheduled a trip to the reservation on June 3, 2002, to begin this project. We would appreciate your informed review and approval of the enclosed material. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact me at (503) 555-5555, extension 555. I will serve as the contact person for this project. We look forward to your comments and approval. Sincerely, Jane Doe, MD, Principal Investigator John Doe, RN, MN, Co-Principal Investigator ***Sample IHS Service Unit Letter of Support*** December 15, 2001 Jane Doe, MD State University PO Box 12 Anycity, Northwest State, 99999 Dear Dr. Doe: This letter is to inform you that the Service Unit has reviewed and supports your research study titled, â€Å"Name of Study.† It is our understanding the project will begin on June 3, 2002. We are very interested in your efforts that may help improve our understanding of health in our elderly population. If you have any questions or need further assistance, please contact me at (503) 555-5555. Sincerely, Jane or John Doe, Service Unit Director Name of Service Unit Anycity, Northwest State ***Sample Tribal Resolution*** WHEREAS, the Tribe is a federally recognized National pursuant to the Treaty of 1855 (12 Stat. 951); and WHEREAS, the Tribal Council is the governing body of the Tribe, by authority delegated by Resolution ABCD-1234; and WHEREAS, the Health, Employment, and Welfare Committee of the Tribal Council has been delegated the responsibility for providing the leadership, guidance, and oversight to all of the health, employment, and welfare programs and services; and WHEREAS, nationwide statistical data has indicated that an increase in the number of elderly Native Americans has been observed in recent decades; and WHEREAS, a National Indian Council on Aging study has shown that the life expectancy for Native Americans has increased by 19% since 1955; and WHEREAS, the prevalence, causes, and risk factors for chronic disabilities including dementia in Native Americans are as yet completely unknown; and WHEREAS, a study has been designed to determine the general health status and prevalence of major disabling conditions in elderly Native Americans, the functional status of elderly Native Americans, and the effectiveness of interventions that are currently used to maintain function; and WHEREAS, the study was designed with input from tribal council members and health staff; and WHEREAS, in implementing the study, the researchers will follow the protocol contained in the study design; and WHEREAS, the researchers will work closely with tribal health staff to have a clear understanding of culturally sensitive issues and to ensure that the dignity of all people contacted is maintained; and WHEREAS, the title of the study will be â€Å"Name of Study;† and WHEREAS, permission from the Executive Board of the Tribal Council is sought by Dr. Jane Doe to implement the study; and WHEREAS, there is to be no publication of the data collected in the study without the express permission of the Tribe. NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, by the Executive Board of the Tribal Council, acting under authority delegated by Section IV-A of the Rules or Procedures, approved by the Tribal Council Resolution AAAB-0001, dated January 31, 1969, and meeting at the Governmental Headquarters of the Tribe, Anycity, Northwest State, that approval to initiate the study in question be signed. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Tribe does not waive, alter, or otherwise diminish their Sovereign Immunity whether expressed or implied by virtue of this contract, for any and all administrative or legal action, which may arise directly or indirectly from the same. Nor does the Tribe waive, alter, or otherwise diminish their rights, privileges, remedies, or services guaranteed by the Treaty of 1855. DONE AND DATED on this 15th day of December, 2001, by the undersigned members of the Executive Board of the Tribal Council.

Introduction on the effects of obsessive compulsive disorder

Introduction on the effects of obsessive compulsive disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), is an anxiety disorder that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors. A person with OCD is plagued with recurring and distressing thoughts and fears that they spend hours distressing over (obsessions) that they cannot control. The anxiety produced from these thoughts lead to urgent need to perform rituals on a continuous basis (compulsions). The compulsive rituals are performed trying to attempt of preventing the obsessive thoughts and make them go away. The ritual might make the anxiety go away for a time, the person then must perform the ritual again when the obsessive thoughts return. Sometimes this cycle can take hours in a persons day that will interfere with normal daily activities. A person most often know their obsessions and compulsions are unrealistic, they cannot stop from doing them (Webmd, n.d,.). The purpose of this project is to provide a comprehensive five part project on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part I describing the disorder, how it became a psychological disorder. OCD is classified as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-IV and the ways it has been studied. Part II Neurotransmitters that are linked to OCD; then the medications that are prescribed to a person with OCD. Will give information on how genetics contribute to OCD and the part of the brain that is affected. Part III the little known environmental influences that causes a person to be acceptable for OCD. Genetics play more to this disorder than the environment. Part IV Explain the best medical treatment and most effective treatment in helping a person overcome OCD. Then will present a treatment plan for Maria. Part V will explain the best psychological model that best applies in treating OCD and the new treatments that are developed and how Maria can have a productive life without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Maria who is a 38 year old woman, who lives in Pittsburgh, married and has four children. She was raised in a strict catholic family and continues to be devoted to her believes. Maria sometimes worries if she is devoted enough and over whether she is performing the rituals perfectly where she began doing rituals that takes up hours and hours of her day. Wit with anxiety she become more obsessed with staying clean and holly where she became more extreme in washing and cleaning, so she will feel clean and pure. Maria personal habits throughout her life include:, keeping her house clean, tidy, and free from clutter, brushing her teeth three or times a day, and wash her hands six to eight times a day, until two years ago she became more obsessed with cleanliness and religious rituals where she spent six to eight hours washing her hands, and cleaning her house that is already cleaned Her relationship with her husband and children are alienated, she refuses to allow them to touch or hug he r and insists they wash their hands all the time. The DSM-IV code for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is 300.03. OCD is considered as an anxiety disorder. The diagnostic criteria are either obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are recurring and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are intrusive that are not only excessive worries. A person with OCD tries or attempts to restrain or not pay attention to these thoughts and recognizes that it is only in their mind. Compulsions on the other hand are repetitive behaviors. Obsessions and repetition are intended for a person with OCD to prevent or reduce their stress or a frightful situation or event. The person recognizes their obsessions or compulsions are excessive and unnecessary and unreasonable. These behaviors take up a persons time and interfere with a persons daily normal functions (APA, 2002). Obsessive thoughts can include: * Persistent fear of harming others or self. * Concern with being contaminated with germs that is unreasonable * Intrusive religious, violent or sexual thoughts. * Need to things perfect and is excessive in doing so. Compulsions included: * Checking doors, stoves, water faucets, and lights. * Making lists over and over again. * Rearranging or realigning things. * Collecting or hoarding objects that are useless, such as, outdated newspaper, plastic utensils, or food. * Doing actions a certain amount of time. * Rereading or rewriting unnecessarily * Repeating phrases * Excessive washing that takes up hours of each day. (List taken from Rais, 2008 article titles Obsessive Compulsive Disorder). The things Maria did that are considered typical signs of OCD were spending six to eight hours cleaning her hands so she would feel clean, performing religious rituals that occupied hours of her day, cleaning an already clean house for hours a day, and avoiding coming in contact with her husband and children (case study 1, Kaplan university). Understanding the symptoms and history of OCD is important in determining why Maria had OCD in order to help her. First we will look at the biological reasons then the environmental reasons that would contribute to someone having obsessive-compulsive disorder. II Genetic There are several biological aspects of OCD. There are neurotransmitters that are linked to it, genetic contributors to this disorder, and different brain abnormalities that influence this disorder. Neurotransmitters transmit chemical impulses from neurons to neurons. Each neurotransmitter has various functions and different names (Durand, Barlow, 2007). Serotonin is of the neurotransmitters that influence our behavior. Serotonin is a chemical that takes one messages from one neuron to another (Dryden-Edwards, 2005). When serotonin are too low a person does things they normally would not do and tend to overreact doing impulsive actions. A person with low levels of serotonin are more quick to do abnormal behaviors. Serotonin is not found to cause the problem (Durand, Barlow, 2007). The brain looks normal in a person who has OCD. It has been found in the brain of a person with OCD, that there is more activity in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, there are increased activity in other parts of the frontal area and the thalamus. A person with OCD is considered to have a faulty brain circuit, because of the low levels of serotonin (Durand, Barlow, 2007). When the cerebral cortex are under active a person has a hard time controlling their OCD behaviors and actions (Dryden-Edwards, 2005). There has been a twin study on monozygotic twins to find if genetic and environment had an effect on OCD. Data was collected on the family structure, health of the family, lifestyle of the family, if there were any complications at the babies birth, events that happened in their life, and other environment factors in their life. The results were more twins (both of them) had OCD behaviors later in life if they had parents that were anxious and depressed. This article concludes that genetics played a more role in OCD then the environment. The author suggested that more studies would need to be conducted to determine the exact nature between Genetics and the environment factors of OCD (Cath, Van Grootheest, Sillemsen,Van Oppen, Boomsma, 2008). Dr. James Kennedy, a Neurogeneticist, said a role in a person developing OCD if they have a relative that is affected with this disorder. In his article he said that the DNA (5HT1 D Beta) receptor gene is passed to their offspring (Mundo, Richter, Zar, Sam, McBride, Macciardi, Kennedy, 2002). Durand, Barlow state that genes play a role in certain abnormalities, the environmental causes need to be triggered in order to activate a disorder such as OCD (2007). After getting an understanding the research that has been done on the biological aspect of OCD, Researchers researched and noticed a strong correlation that genetics play a big role in a person developing OCD, but no factual evidence. Researchers have investigated and determine that an environmental factor influences a person having OCD. we can turn to what environment plays on someone have this disorder. III In the fourth century OCD was considered to be melancholia which is a Greek word that means black bile, if a persons OCD behaviors lasted a long time. In England in the seventeenth century, religious melancholy was established as part of an OCD disorder and derived from overzealous devotion to God (Allison, 2008). In 1907 Freud stated OCD resembled religious rituals. Rituals are done over and over to get rid of guilt. Religion was the universal obsessional neurosis (Yossifova, Loewenthal, 1999. p. 145). Freud also believed that obsessive-compulsive behaviors are caused by conflicts unconsciously in the mind that manifested in OCD illness. A person struggles between the desire and the actions of their conscious and their unconscious mind. They are urge to complete the actions of their unconscious mind, to get temporary relief from their high intense anxiety. Their conscious mind knows it is ridiculous and bizarre it is to continue to do these actions (Allison, 2008). In Marias mind s he felt she wasnt religious enough, where to get relief from her anxiety she would devote more hours than a normal religious person would to perform religious rituals hours each day. In Marias case she grew-up as a strict Catholic, which she continued through her life. She worried that she didnt measure up to the expectations to be considered pure or holy. This could have been the reason she had great amounts of guilt that caused her to do her religious obsessions and cleaning compulsions. Durand and Barlow (2007) state that in every psychological disorder, both genetics and environment have to be considered. Both are needed to activate OCD. Research supports that genetics play a major role in OCD, but need more research on the environmental factors to support Durand and Barlow theory. The diathesis -stress model is the best way to explain that situations in the environment along with the biological system will influence OCD behaviors. There are behaviors that are inherited which a person is vulnerable to, which can be activated under stress or an environmental situation (Durand, Barlow, 2007). As mentioned before, Maria was predisposed to OCD and it was activated from the environment by the petunias at the funeral. Once the genetic and environment influences are understood they can determine the best treatment In Marias case her mom showed strong OCD tendencies with the her many superstitions (genes). Seeing petunias at a funeral (environment) triggered the start of Marias obsessive compulsive behaviors. Maria had a genetic vulnerability for OCD; the environment was a factor in the onset of her illness. Environment factors that came from a horrible divorce or from traumatic events of sexual abuse (Grisham, Anderson, Sachdev, 2008). Religious factors play an enormous environmental influence that is correlated as a risk factor of having OCD (Higgins, 1992). Researchers found more often the causes of this disorder, is religious factors, the reason for this is a person feel they lack in their faith and feared they havent prayed enough or hard enough; their behaviors were sinful; or got contaminated from thought that were impure and sinful. Guilt thrives from these thoughts where they pray over and over again, repeatedly confessing to purge the fear that they are Doomed to hell (Higgins, 1992). Maria was apprehensive about her dedication and that she did not measure up to her religious expectations to be considered pure and holy. This could have influence her to have so much guilt which in turn caused her to do have religious obsessions. IV February 19, 2009, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy for those who suffer with OCD and other treatments have failed. To qualify for this procedure a person has to have had at least three SRIs that have failed. This device has been an on going study in four Catholic Universities since 1998 (Bates, 2009). The DBS is surgically implanted in the brain. It delivers electrical impulses to different areas of the fiber bundle in the front of the brain. It is programmed by a clinician and is based on an individuals needs (Bates, 2009). This device is not exempt from side effects, One that has been know is cerebral hemorrhage and brain infections, non life threaten have ever been reported. Studies had shown that this device has made great improvement in peoples life and some has even returned back to work (De Noon, 2009). A study that was conducted were quasi-experiments designs, which is where researchers manipulate the independent variable (the variable they manipulate) while measuring the dependent variable (what is being measured) Durand, Barlow, 2007). They observed the relationship between the different medications that were used to treat OCD to see if OCD behavior improved and which psychologically treatment made the most improvement. For example, in the article Brain Changes Quickly Following Intensive Behavioral Therapy for OCD, the author concludes there is a strong correlation between the increased brain activity and improvement in OCD symptoms (Douglas, 2008). Therapy and medications are helpful to help people with obsessive compulsive disorders. One known therapy that works for OCD is behavioral exposure. This works by having the person face objects, situations, places, and thoughts that the person fears and avoids. A person needs to be exposed repeatedly to the fearful things in order for it to work. Rituals are prevented by not allowing the person to perform their compulsions (Dell Osso, Altamura, Mundo, Marazziti, Hollander, 2007). Medications that seem to work for OCD people are antidepressants, those that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). The six that are commonly used are fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (paxil), citalopram (celexa), and clomipramine (anafranil). Studies that have been conducted concluded that Anafranil has been the most useful in treating OCD. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by slowing the reuptake of serotonin and postponing how it is affects the synapse. This serotonin increase produces changes in the receptors in nerve membranes (Korn,2001). With each of these medications come possible side effects, which do not cause any permanent damage. The most common side affects are sleepiness, dry mouth, and nausea. Anafranil has a few harsher side effects such as, heart racing, difficulty in concentrating, slower thinking ability, and weight gain. Anafranil (Korn,2001). Treatment for OCD In peer reviewed article, Cognitive behavior therapy and medications in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder, the researchers studied to determine what treatment would best help a person suffering from this disorder. In their research they wanted to determine if cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) would be the best therapy, or Cognitive behavior therapy and medication, or just medication, or just a sugar pill known as a placebo. They concluded that CBT plus medication had the greatest outcomes. It was interesting the study showed no noticeable difference among those that took medication and those that took placebo, but when the person added therapy with the medication they made major improvement. Medications that seemed to work the best were those that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI), Serotonin reuptake inhibitors showed more improvement in their moods to where they could finally work on their OCD behaviors. Combining CBT and medication has been known to be effective i n treating OCD (OConnor, Aardema, Robillard, Pelissier, Todorov, 2006). Another therapy that is known to be beneficial and make significant changes in their brain activity after four weeks is an intensive cognitive behavior therapy program. This program consisted of a 90-minute individual therapy session, and four hours of homework five days a week. The PET scans showed changes in normalized regional glucose metabolism and bilateral decreases in normalized thalamic metabolism. The PET scores also showed an increase in a persons right dorsal anterior anterior cingulated cortex activity along with improvement in their OCD symptoms (Douglas, 2008). Durand Barlow (2006) stated that the most common psychosocial treatment that is used to treat a person with OCD is exposure and ritual prevention (ERP). This is where a person is exposed to a threaten situations they fear or think are invasive. For example, if a person has a fear that their hands being contaminated, the therapist will encourage the client touch the object they fear and ride it through to the end without washing their hands, such as door knobs (Durand, Barlow 2007). When it comes to insurance companies or other third party reimbursement such as Medicaid fast outcome are important. They expect therapists to provide written documentation to justify the treatment and expected length of the clients treatment (Hill, Beamish, 2007). Purposed treatment for Maria Maria treatment plan would consist of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), medication and family counseling. I think Maria will need spiritual counseling, first because of her religious Catholic background that has put a lot on her; she does not feel she can live up to those expectations where she spends many hours a day performing rituals in order to feel clean and pure. I would start by having her talk to her priest to get an understanding that she is clean, God accepts her, and she does not have to pray hours a day in order to feel accepted and considered clean. I feel spiritual counseling is needed first because if she can feel accepted by God she can begin working on the other OCD behaviors. It would be supportive for Maria to start on some medication to help decrease her anxiety when she begins cognitive behavior therapy. A plan for therapy would be then to begin with cognitive therapy to change Marias old thinking patterns concerning fears of contamination, plus to find different ways to handle stress and change her intense fears (Owens, 2009). The counselor would have Maria touch thing that she fears are contaminated and not be allowed to wash her hand afterwards. She will need to find ways to cope with her anxiety and stress when she has to reframe from washing her hands. Maria would be put on a plan that only lets her brush her teeth a few times day and limited to how many times she can clean and straighten her house, eventually she would have to skip a day in cleaning her house. Maria need realize nothing bad will happen if she doesnt have a clean house. Maria will also be restricted to the total of spiritual rituals she could do. It would be important to still be involved in her faith, but needs to limit the amount the time on spiritual rituals such as praying. The goal would be to change the t otal number of hours she spends in praying down to five minutes no more than two times a day. Family therapy would be, not to allow Maria to place huge demands on her children and husband to stay clean by not giving into her by taking a shower when they come home and not washing their hands every time she demands. Marias family will have the opportunity to express how they feel and doubt her love because she does not touch or get near them so she understands how her disorder affects them. It would be good to have a doctor explain OCD to her family. I would give Maria assignments each week to help Maria begin to be comfortable touching and hugging her children and husband. How this will be done is after leaning relaxation techniques she will be advised to do the weekly assignments in a relaxed state. On week one she will touch each family member on the shoulder and if it is fearful to do deep breathing techniques, then on weeks to come get her to comfortable hug her children without the need to shower. By going to family therapy will help change the dynamics in Marias family. In conclusion, there has been research done that suggest that genetics is the main factor in developing OCD. More research needs to be conducted on the environmental reasons a person has obsessive compulsive disorder to sustain that the combination of genetic and environmental factors a person end up having psychological disorders. Through accepting the biological and environmental factors of this disorder, specialists can comprehend the reasons of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder to better provide better therapeutic treatment so that it might be minimized in the future. I fully believe that Maria can change through hard work if she has spiritual and family counseling along with cognitive behavioral therapy and medication to overcome her compulsive behaviors that have taken many years of her life and rejoin her family in a healthy relationship. After, learning what researches believe the best treatment are and discussion a treatment plan I think will help Maria, we will discover the dif ferent therapeutic theories and new medication that are being devised. I will determine the final outcome of Marias disorder by applying these techniques. V To determine which psychological model that would best help a person with obsessive compulsive disorder it is important to understand the basic concept of each. Psychoanalysis is a verbal therapy to help a person receive freedom from their emotional pain. This model accepts the view of Freuds that the unconscious motives are created from some sexual motive (Fine, 2007). Cognitive model suggested that our thoughts influences behavior. This therapy was pioneered by Albert Ellis in 1950 and workes to get people to change their attitudes. This therapy is known as talk therapy and focuses on thoughts and emotions that lead to behaviors (Schonbeck, 2005). Psychodynamics model uses expressive or supportive methods to treat a disorder. Expressive attempts to relieve symptoms through understanding their thought and feelings that possible they might not be aware of. Expressive is that adults problems are created in childhood where they dont have the maturity at that point to make appropriate choices because how they coped to their problems as a child stopped working as an adult. This therapy teaches the person to learn new ways to solve problems to relieve stress and cope in more appropriate ways (Fine, 2007). Behavior therapy model deals with changing and eliminating behaviors that are troublesome. This therapy was pioneered by Joseph Wolpe which includes assertiveness training, operant conditioning, and desensitization (Schonbeck, 2005) Wolpe reported great success with the stigmatic desensitization for those with phobias (Durand, Barlow, 2001). Humanistic Psychology emphasizes a person to control their mental health. It suggests that environment factors influence a persons behaviors. It removes the stigma that people think therapy is and allows the individual to determine their own care on mental health (Wagner, 2009), it is a person-centered therapy ,where the therapist is passive in the clients care and tries to avoid interpretations (Durand Barlow, 2001). I would choose a combination of the cognitive and behavioral models in order to treat OCD. The rationale for this is research has shown cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to be the most effective method to the treatment of this disorder. The cognitive model works on the thought processes, and the behavioral model works in changing undesirable behaviors (Schonbeck, 2005). The newest medication that has been approved for OCD is Luvox CR in January 2007. Luvox CR is an extended release from of Luvox SSRI. People are paying more attention to this method of having more beneficial outcomes (Jeffery, 2008). Now we know and understand the different treatments and medication in helping a person with OCD, I believe there is a strong possibility that Maria can overcome her OCD behaviors that she has. If Maria wants it and puts her whole heart into her treatment plan, she can have a bright fulfilling future. Once a person is able to get their OCD under control and is able to cope with the environment influences (stressors) in their life they may or may not need to continue medication. A person can be free from the problems of OCD and live a normal life. Maria can have this; it will be hard work but worth the price she has to pay to be free of this disorder that has held her hostage for so many years.

Cognitive View of Depressive Disorders

Cognitive View of Depressive Disorders Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic explanation with the cognitive view of depressive disorders. Freud debated that people whose requirements weren’t met during the uttered stage of psychosexual occurrence are exposed to emerging melancholy in maturity because this causes low self-respect and extreme reliance.Persons who are exceptionally reliant on another people are notably expected to arise recession after such a demise. Resentment at the death is vicarious onto the self, which influences self-respect and affects the person to re discover damage that appeared in nonage. Has frontage authority, Early harm does not constantly foretell dejection and the main flaw of Freud’s theory is the lacking firsthand support and so is neither provable nor falsifiable. As stated in this approach, gloominess is caused because of maladaptive education. The mores of operant conditioning have been realistic to clarify misery with the help of boosting and mistreatment. Lack of positive support or too much rough treatment leads towards depression. As stated by Lewinsohn (1974,) that sadness is because of decline in positive backup as a outcome of certain type of damage, e.g. redundancy, relationship breakdown. Moreover, once depressed, the person may get encouraging vibes such as kindness and devotion. In 1974 Hiroto run down three clusters of human members: such as wide open to a booming noise they couldn’t break; exposed to a rowdy noise they could stay by pressing a button; and was unable to hear a loud pitch. All candidates were then positioned in face of a rectangular pack with a knob on it and exposed to loud pitch. Unidentified to the candidates, the pitch could be switched off by affecting the grip from one side to another. The participants previously exposed to a loud pitch they couldn’t end showed experienced helplessness by failing to move the handle. Reductionist Environmentally deterministic Ignores nature Extrapolation Face validity Ecological validity Population validity Cognitive dysfunction in attribution way (attribution model of Abramson et al.’s ) and theory of self, the universe, and the expectations (Beck’s cognitive triad) have been interconnected to the growth of depression. Negative schemas develop at some stage in childhood as a result of serious interpersonal outcomes, and are started when the entity facing the same situations in upcoming life. Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale (1978) established Seligman’s effort with the model, which visualizes how people react to failure. Abramson again with Metalsky, and Alloy (1989) presented the actual theory because they linked few significance to the focused attributions and more significance to the concept that depressed person present a general logic of hopelessness. Evans et al. (2005) also presented a prospective theory and found that females with the highest ranking for negative self-beliefs at the time of pregnancy were 60% more possible to become depressed consequently t han those at the bottom side. An upper number of stressful life events mainly precede depression. During the survey, Interviews of depressed women resulted that 61% of affected women had badly faced at least one very stressful event in her life as compared to 19% of a non-depressed normal women. Social and family support was recognized as an entity that protected from depression, only 10% of women having a close and true friend faced depression compared to 37% of the women without an warm and dear friend (Brown Harris, 1978). According to socio-cultural theorists the frequency of key depressive disorder is inclined strongly by demographic factors. Marital rank is one more important social and demographic factor. Blazer et al. (1994) noticed that individuals with divorce were high depressed than those who are married or had never been into any relation. Culture has an impact on the natural world of the symptoms experienced because people in non-Western countries state mostly physical symptoms (e.g. sleep, fatigue and disturbances), on the other hand self-blame and guilt are more common symptoms in Western countries. Throughout the whole discussion it can be observed that Freud’s’ ideas are very explicit in making a clear direction about the components to make up a human personality in different stages of life (Lanea). According to Sigmund Freud’s theory, there are two basic components of the conscious and unconscious mind. These parts contribute in identification of the self-personality by the human. Every personality has different states of mind as conscious and unconscious mind together makes interaction to develop human personality. His ideas also helped in revealing the elements dividing the human personality like id, ego and superego. The fundamental structure of human mind is actually the primary base of the human behaviors and personality in different life stages. Bibliography Lanea, Christopher. Philosophy of the unconscious: Vacillating on the scene of writing in Freuds project. Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism (1994): 98-129. Brown Harris, Vulnerability Factors, 1978. Blazer et al, Lifetime risk of Depression, 1994. Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy, Hopelessness Depression, 1989. Why is the concept of disease not suitable when discussing personality disorder? Sigmund Freud is a prominent figure in psychology known as a creator of psychoanalysis i.e. analysis of the mind. He was the one who presented a complete set of theories and ideas about the personality and ultimately made composition of an interchange between the psychic structures and events within psychosexual stages of development (Gallinek). Despite his theories and ideas faced high level of criticism in terms of their circularity and gender specificity, a relative fact cannot be undermined that reflects his theories and ideas can be used to make identification of person’s personality in different life stages (Vivas). Both the Abraham Maslow and Dostoevsky have showed and given their perceptions and descriptions about concept of disease not suitable when discussing personality disorder and the needs of an individual in life and their priorities in their individual statements. However, Abraham Maslow’s idea looks more practical and realistic as the major population in the world first seeks for the necessity like food (Caldwell and Mou). It can be noted here that how the person is capable of doing anything in his life even searching for his identity or the purpose in his life, in the absence of the physical energy provided by him in the form of food. Some needs of the people hold priorities over others. The Maslows hierarchy of need place fundamental emphasis upon the need for the satisfaction of the hunger. Order of prioritization can be deemed as a basic element of the disagreement between two statements (Frankl). In order to understand how Freud’s theories and ideas are helpful for the identification of the personality in different life stages, it is necessary to understand the new way introduced by him in making analysis of the human behavior. According to him, metal energy is the basic source of devising a human behavior (Ahmed). These energies are produced by the libido, which is a part of Id and creates the energy through survival and sexual instincts. A worth noting point about his theories and ideas is that these revolves around the unconscious mind as according to him unconscious mind play a vital role in developing human behaviors and ultimately his personality (Harvard Womens Health Watch). On the other hand, when we consider the statement written by the novelist, Fyodor Dosteovsky, he gave the priority to self-actualization needs of an individual, which means search for the personal identity (Ndimunkum). His individual believes can be proved from the verses of Bible as the book gave the same idea in the place of different references representing that man does not survive only on the bread alone, but also all those things that are made available by the God for him (Coleman). The individuals accepting the teachings of Bible would be capable of reacting and sensing in the same way (Green). The another example supporting the statement of the Dostoevsky is the act of fasting that is experienced by the humans in their life, sacrificing their need of love for the sake of accomplishment of the purpose. Additionally there are number of individuals suffering from the different types of mental confusions and disorders, and in this situation, they do not give any importance to the food or diet simply because of the depression, anxiety and insecurity practiced by them (Frankl). However, both the statements can be implemented with respect to certain situations and even with the mutual integration. It can be depicted that though the priorities of the two psychologists are different, yet there are numerous activities that are used to satisfy the human needs can at the same time respond to both the priorities including food and hunger. Farming, planting and transportation activities on the one hand can provide the platform for earning money to get food for the satisfaction of hunger as well as also become an edge for the searching of the individual purpose to lead the live (Green). It is true that no man can survive without food and give reference to it over love and self-esteem, yet without a clear purpose and identification, individual would soon be bored with the life he is leading, even though he has enough food to eat. Conclusively, these needs cannot be studied in isolation as they have great significance on the quality of life of a man and upon the psychological satisfaction of him. Nothing is less important as each element in the life possess its individual place (Hessong and Weeks; Journal of human behavior) Bibliography Hessong, Robert F. and Thomas Harold Weeks. Introduction to education. Macmillan, 1987. Green, Christopher D. A Theory of Human Motivation. 2000. Classics in the History of Psychology. 20 July 2012 http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm>. Frankl, Viktor. Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press,, 2006. Coleman, James Kaii. Living by Bread Alone: Mans Quest for the Good Life. iUniverse, 2008. Ndimunkum, Mike Tangunu. The Greatness of America. AuthorHouse, 2009. Harvard Womens Health Watch. Psychoanalysis: Theory and treatment. Harvard Womens Health Watch (2006): 4-5. Ahmed, Sofe. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory Oedipus complex: A critical study with reference to D. H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Sons and Lovers†. Internal journal of English and literature (2012): 60-70. Frankl, Viktor. Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press,, 2006. Caldwell, Linda and Shela Mou. Integrating Social Science Ecosystem Management: A National Challenge. DIANE Publishing, 1997. Vivas, Eliseo. THE LEGACY OF SIGMUND FREUD. Kenyon Review (1989): 110-118. Gallinek, M.D. Alfred. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. (1964): 87-91. Explain the difference between positive and negative symptoms. How do these symptoms affect the functional outcomes and quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia? The conceptualization of stress and schizophrenia along with their impact on mental and physical health of patients has gained significant importance. It is obvious that the organisms are subjected to evolutionary pressures from the environment. The ability to respond to environmental threats along with stressors has enhanced survival along with the physiological responses. Alzheimer’s disease responses to stressful situations can be the part of adaptive responses because the risks inherent in the situation (Harrell). Therefore, the paper is discussing the conceptualization of stress and immunity regarding the stress and immunity on health of patients. These aspects are discussed in the context of the counseling while discussing the consequent impacts on normal functioning abilities of patients. There are different studies contributing to the conceptualizing of Alzheimer’s disease as situations that can be considered as stressful. The taxonomy can be adopted to characterize the stressors, which has the advantage of differentiating the stressors on important dimensions namely duration and course. It further includes five categories of stressors. Acute time limited stressors involve laboratory related challenges such as public speaking (Cervantes and Castro). The brief naturalistic stressors involve a person confronting a real life challenge for short term period. In stressful event sequences, a focal event causes the emergence of a related sequential events and challenges. It is found that affected people do not know when these challenges will subside but they are aware of the fact that the challenges will subside in future. It can be said that the situation in which a body perceives a threat, series of chemical and physical responses occur. The major response is the activation of the autonomic nervous system involving a part of the nervous system that is abnormally under control. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system regulates the stress response while the relaxation response is controlled by parasympathetic nervous system (Hwang and Ting). The body secretes catecholamines helping in preparation of the person to fight or turn from the threat and run. The release of such hormones triggers the fight or flight response in patients. The increase in the chronic stress can affect the human body negatively as it can increase the risk for developing heart disease, asthma, arthritis, hypertension, migraine, and ulcers (Cervantes and Castro). According to experts panel report of Experimental biology 2004, it is identified that mechanisms as well as pathways through which the hormonal response to situations of schizophrenia influence functions of person social responses. These changes represent to have effects on susceptibility, onset and exacerbation of different mental as well as health diseases such as atherosclerotic, depression, multiple sclerosis and others. It is observed that stress makes interface in between endocrine hormonal and the immune system active. However, if the perception of stress represents to lie for short-term basis hormonal alterations ultimately fade away (Eisenman, Bergner and Cohen). In reference to the cases when the stressful sensory input continues it initiates dysregulation of immune system, at the same time it tends to influence the production of distinctive soluble aspects that refers to have impacts on brain. Specifically these intense responses of clients preferably linked with enhanced vulnerability in order to create a clinically considerable depression in between chronic immune stimulation. There are number of stressful situations of patients that ultimately influence immune system of client such as divorce that preferably generate chronic stress. It is observe that stress immediately affects immune system as grabbling with swirl of different negatively influencing thoughts and emotions, as there is not a surprise if immune system of patient takes a abrupt nosedive. Disease generates profound impacts on biological functions of individual, it is due to the reason that central nervous system of human body is directly associated with brain, spinal cord as well as closely functions with endocrine system that is responsible for hormonal distribution. In the similar way, stress also enhances chances of heart disease, causes blood pressure, chest pain and other heart related problems. In conclusion, there are also some other stress related issues other than heart disease that most of the depression patients represent these involves asthma, obesity, anxiety, diabetes, gastrointestinal issues, accelerated aging and most obvious is premature death. While conducting analysis it is identified that the death rate it almost 63% of patients with persistent stress in comparison with normal (Berk). However, there are number of studies that denote that there are number of ways through which people can fight against stress such as deep breathing or reframing the situation can generate higher positive responses. In the similar way, stress also make patients crave for fats and carbohydrates that cause weight gain and rises risk of diabetes. Bibliography: Berk, Jay H. Trauma and resilience during war: A look at the children and humanitarian aid workers of Bosnia. Psychoanalytic Review 85.4 (1998): 639-65. David P,Eisenman and Sharone Bergner and Ilene Cohen. A model victim: idealizing trauma wounds causes traumatic stress in person rights workers. Person Rights 4 Review (2000): 106-114. Cervantes, Richard C. and Felipe G. Castro. Stress, Coping, and Mexican American Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 7.1 (2003): 1-73. Hwang, Wei-Chin and Julia Y. Ting. Disaggregating the effects of acculturation and acculturative stress on the mental health of Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 14.2 (2008): 147-154. Harrell, Shelly P. A Multidimensional Conceptualization of Racism-Related Stress: Implications for the Well-Being of People of Color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70.1 (2000): 42–57.

marketing :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The product life cycle is essential when a firm is a managing a product. While a product is in the introductory phase of its life cycle the customer is going through a learning process. Firms must consider this learning process when determining how much to spend on marketing strategies, the firm must understand that it will spend a lot of money to make the customer aware of their product and they wont see a lot of sales. During the growth phase of the life cycle the firm will see fast growth which will lead to profits or they will break even. The firm will also see declining expenditures so to properly manage their product they should concentrate more on building and holding customers rather than focusing on innovators and early adopters. At the beginning of the maturity phase sale will increase but slower because the market becomes saturated so the firm must work harder to maintain customers to keep profits from declining rapidly. Firms should focus on custome r loyalty and try to increase usage by each user. When a product begins to decline a firm could either move the product to a new market in a different country or they could leave the product in the same market but not spend money on marketing the product and focus more on other products they could market. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attending a sporting event is a service, by attending you are being provided with entertainment which is a form of a service. a. A sporting event is intangible you are receiving the entertainment which cannot be physically touched or compared to another product easily, you must compare the product by comparing to it another experience you had or someone else told you about. A sporting event is inseparable, we can see this by looking at the three aspects of inseparability. First the service providers involvement clearly the service provider is present in that the players are physically playing in front of you. Second the customers are directly involved in the service experience, just take the Detroit vs. Indiana basketball game where players and fans were involved in a fist fight in Detroit. Although this may have been a bad experience for the fans it shows just how involved fans are with sporting event. Third other customers are involved with your experience, like the drunk at the game who is cheering for the other team.

External influences Economy Interest rates Most businesses will need Es

External influences Economy Interest rates Most businesses will need to borrow money. The interest rate will affect how much it costs. External influences Economy Interest rates Most businesses will need to borrow money. The interest rate will affect how much it costs a business to borrow money. If the interest rate is high the money a business owes is more than before. A 20% interest rate rise would affect Cadbury’s; they would have to pay extra money towards the loan. This too would affect Sainsbury's in the same way. Any interest rates that go up will affect a business because the business needs to make up the costs and the only way to do this is to higher the prices of their service or products. The company might have to borrow more money to pay for the interest rate going up. Competition Competition is where rival businesses aim their products at the same customers and try to win and keep their custom. Sainsbury's main competitors are tescos, Asda and Morrison’s. They all sell food and household goods. Asda could sell more food than them so Sainsbury’s would get less customers, Cadbury’s main competition is Masterfoods, coca cola, Walkers and Rowntrees. If Cadbury in the next year didn’t release any more chocolates or sweets and rowntrees released different sweets even though people would still buy Cadburys old ideas they would buy rowntrees new products. This way Cadburys would loose money and they would loose customers buying their ...

Breach of Contract

A type of contract, a legally binding agreement between two parties to do a certain thing, in which one side has all the bargaining power and uses it to write the contract primarily to his or her advantage[1]. Breach of Contract Common Breaches of Contract When any contract is made an agreement is formed between parties to carry out a service and payment for that service. If one of the parties fails to carry out their side of the agreement then the party can be said to be in breach of contract.Breach of contract can also occur if work carried out is defective or if one party makes the other aware that they will not be carrying out the agreed work. Breaches of contract can also include non payment for a service or not paying on time, failure to deliver services or goods, and being late with services without a reasonable excuse. Terms and conditions are a fundamental part of a legally binding contract and any broken terms can lead to breach of contract. Types of Breach of Contract The main types of breach of contract will be minor, material, fundamental, and anticipatory.Minor breaches can be, for example, a builder who substitutes his own type of materials for specified materials. The substituted materials may work just as well as the specified but it can still be seen as a minor breach of contract. Related on Contracts And Agreements†¦ †¢ Do You Have to Know About a Breach to Be Liable? †¢ Mediation and Arbitration †¢ Remedies for Breach of Contract †¢ Breach of Contract Against Employer : A Case Study †¢ Contracts and Risk †¢ Jurisdiction in Contracts [pic][pic]A material breach can be a breach that has serious consequences on the outcome of the contract.A fundamental breach would be one so serious that the contract has to be terminated. An anticipatory breach is one where one of the parties makes it known that they will not be carrying out agreed work, and the consequences can be termination of the contract and damages being sought in court. Damages for Breach of Contract Damages can be awarded to an innocent party if a law court upholds that a contract has been breached. Damages will be used to compensate the innocent party for their loss due to the breach. These damages are usually a remuneration that will reflect the loss.For example, if an employer dismissed an employee unfairly then the employee could claim damages for loss of earnings under breach of contract. Damages can be awarded even if there has been no actual loss, the innocent party will then usually be awarded nominal damages. Proof of Breach If a dispute does occur due to breach of contract then the judge will need to decide that a legally binding contract does exist and that it has been breached. In some cases the contract may only be a verbal contract and there may be no actual written evidence that a contract was formed.In such cases a judge will need to go over the terms and conditions of the contract and clarify what actually took p lace in practice. Entitlement to damages may be awarded if the innocent party can prove that a breach of contract took place. The innocent party must prove that there was a loss due to the breach and that the nature of the loss would lead to compensation. Remoteness of loss will also be taken into consideration by the courts and may include future loss that could reasonably occur from the contract being broken. Other Damages due to Breach of ContractOther losses can include loss of profits, the cost of rectifying the breach and wasted expenditure. If disputes do end up in the law courts then the amount awarded may come down to how much documented proof the claimant has regarding financial loss. This can include actual records and document proof of financial loss due to the breach. However, if there is little proof, damages can still be awarded, this will be down to the judge ascertaining all of the facts of the case and not relying solely on documented proof. Breaching a contract ca n be a serious offence and is a very common reason for lawsuits.Anyone considering court action due to breach of contract should seek expert legal advice before proceeding. Court disputes are a lengthy and costly procedure and the legal costs should be weighed up against the likely damages awarded. A detailed view of the law of contracts shows that the main reason for this law is to enforce promises and agreements that have been made. If a broken contract is taken to the law courts then there will be certain criteria that a judge will look at before deciding whether or not the contract can be enforced. The Elements of a ContractFor any contract to be considered legally binding the elements of offer and acceptance must exist. The origin of a contract or agreement will begin with the offer. With the unconditional acceptance of the offer the contract will then be formed. But there are other contract elements that are required by the law, and if these are not present the courts may deci de there is no contract. The Offer and Acceptance With an offer there must be a willingness from the accepting party to enter into the contract. In order to make the contract complete there must also be specific terms and conditions set out and accepted.Once all terms and conditions have been offered and accepted, and no further negotiations intended then the contract can said to be complete or full. Consideration Another important element in the law of contracts is consideration. A contract may not be deemed to be enforceable by law if there was no consideration included. This means that there must be mutual consideration on either side; one person promises to provide a service and the other pays in return. Related on Contracts And Agreements†¦ †¢ New Law on Proving Consumer Contracts †¢ Legally Binding Contracts †¢ Employment Contracts Explained †¢ Common Law Marriage Contacts Remedies for Breach of Contract †¢ Contracts and Risk [pic][pic]Intention T he fourth element in a contract is intention. When parties make an agreement with no intention of the agreement becoming legally binding then it will not be judged to be a contract under the eyes of the law. In some cases, such as commercial contracts, there is an assumption that the contract is intended to be legally binding. If one of the parties does want to bring the matter to court and argue that there was never any intention of a binding contract then they will need to have some form of clear written evidence. The Terms and ConditionsIf a contract dispute is brought to the law courts then great emphasis will be placed on the terms and conditions of the contract. A contract cannot be said to be complete if the terms and conditions are not fully laid out. These conditions must not be vague or ambiguous. A contract will not usually be seen as legally binding if the terms and conditions are unclear. However, every court case is different, and a judge may at times try to clarify th e terms and conditions of the disputed contract. Type of Contract In most cases it makes sense to take the precaution of formalising all agreements with a written contract.But a contract may be upheld even if it is made verbally. There are certain circumstances where contracts must be made in writing, such as the sale of property or tenancy agreements. If no written contract or statement does exist, and the contract dispute has reached the courts, then the judge may look at how services, promises, and exchanges were carried out in practice in order to make a decision. Contract Discharge A contract can come to end in one of four ways; breach, performance, agreement and frustration. Discharge by performance means that all the obligations of the contract have been accomplished by both parties.Agreement of discharge can mean that both parties agree to end the contract or one party releases the other party from the agreement. Frustration means that events have occurred that made the comp letion of the contract impossible and the obligations of the contract could not be met. Breaching a Contract A breach of contract can occur if one party does not fulfil one or more of the specified terms and conditions. It can also occur if the work carried out is defective or if one party makes the other aware that they will not be carrying out the agreed work.The law can then be brought to judge on this contract dispute and can award the innocent part damages. The law of contracts can be a complicated matter, and serious consideration should be given along with expert legal advice if the court process is to be considered. Financial damages may only be awarded if the innocent party can prove financial loss. Court costs and solicitors fees should be weighed up against the likelihood of any damages awarded before proceeding with court cases. ———————– [1] http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Standard+form+contract