Elvis Presleys Influene on American Culture - 1050 Words

Elvis Presley’s Influence on American Culture Elvis Presley sold more than one billion records worldwide about 40% of that was outside the United States. He holds the record for the most gold, platinum and multi-platinum certifications of any artist in history. Elvis also holds 149 charting pop singles,114 top 40’s, 40 top Tens and 18 Number Ones. The remainder of this essay will looks at how Elvis, through his music career, had a major impact on culture. This new culture that was to emerge in both the USA and indeed the world would shape a new generation of both young and old. His influence on black and white American culture caused a lot of racist riots because of the mingling of black and white people. The popularity of Elvis also led to a transgressive position with respect to racial and sexual boundaries. White cover versions of hits by black musicians often outsold the originals, it seemed Americans wanted black music without black people in it. A southern background combined with a performing style largely associated with African Americans had led to what Tan Magazine called, â€Å"bitter criticism by those who felt Elvis stole a good thing†. A black southerner in the late 1980s even captured that sentiment â€Å"to talk to Presley about blacks was like talking to Hitler about Jews†. In 1957 a magazine printed a lie about Elvis, they accused him of being vulgar and of being deliberately sexual, but they did not mean this. This was a cover up for what was really feared and

A Brief Note On Ted Talk Script, Pashtuns And Hazara s !...

Ted Talk Script Pashtuns and Hazara’s! Sunni and Shi’a Muslims. Two groups of people that live in the same country, breathe the same air and drink the same water, but are divided by one thing! Now what is that one thing, you might wonder? Well that one thing is, social class. Social class might sound like some sort of innocent word to you, but for many, it divides the way you live, eat and survive as a person in a society. Afghanistan as a whole has a very diverse landscape with different types of ethnic groups scattered across the vast, dry, mountainous landscape. According to rough estimates â€Å"42% of Afghans are Pashtuns, 27% Tajik, 9% Hazara, 9% Uzbek, 4% Chahar Aimak, 3 % Turkmen, and 6% other† (Afghanistan). This diverse society provides a home for millions but also provides a home for social class. As a young, privileged, western societal teen, I barely face the issue of social class on a daily basis. I grew up in Canada, a multi-cultural breeding ground, where every s ingle person has the same rights as the person standing right next to you. My childhood and life does not compare to that of Amir and Hassan’s. Both Amir and Hassan live in Kabul, a city crippled with social class. There Pashtuns and Hazara’s share different rights, where Pashtuns are the richer, privileged and higher in social class compared to the Hazara’s, who are dirt poor, have basically no rights and are low in social class. Throughout the book The Kite Runner, we observe the effects of social class

Fishing Essay Example For Students

Fishing Essay FishingCOMMERCIAL FISHINGCommercial fishing is a worldwide enterprise that involves the captureof marine and freshwater fish and shellfish and their preparation for market. Fishing equipment ranges from small boats whose nets are cast and hauled in byhand to factory ships equipped with the most advanced technologies for finding,harvesting, and preparing huge amounts of fish. These large catches are verycostly, however, not only in the price of their equipment and fuel, but also inthe depletion of fishery resources their use brings about. The major portion of the total fish harvest consists of few fishspecies, which are divided into two primary groups. Pelagic species thosewhich live in the near-surface layers of the oceans, this include severalspecies of herring, tuna, salmon, anchovies, pilchard, sardines, menhaden, andmackerel. Demersal species fish that live in the near-bottom layers of theocean, this includes cod, sole, halibut, haddock, hake, and flounder. Largecatches are also made of a group of fish classed commercially as SHELLFISH shrimp, lobster, scallops, oysters, clams, crabs, mussels, and squid. WHALINGwas once a major part of the fishing industry. Overfishing has endangered manywhale numbers, however, and the field has lessened in importance. Almost all large pelagic and demersal fish catches are made over or nearthe continental shelf, the underwater plateau around the continents and largeislands. In these waters temperatures, water depths, and the currents thatinfluence the amounts of available food create an environment that is highlyfavourable to the existence of large schools of fish. The animals living in and on the bottom of the continental shelf serveas additional food sources for demersal fish. Also, most species spawn oncontinental shelves, and the main nursery grounds of many species are also incoastal regions. The main fishing grounds are located on the wider continentalshelves of the mid and high latitudes. The single most important area is theNorth Pacific, where as much as one-quarter of the worlds fish catch is taken. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHING INDUSTRYPrehistoric people were hunters and food collectors, and they found muchof their food in lakes, rivers, and shallow coastal ocean waters. Shellfish werethe most accessible food , and the large shell heaps found around the firstfishing technique, the use of bare hands. During 10,000-6000 BC, certain cultures that depended almost entirelyon a diet of fish developed primitive fishing technologies. The ScandinavianMaglemosian culture used stone-pointed fishing spears, antler and bone harpoonsand fishhooks, and lines and nets woven of bark fiber. Improved equipmentincreased the size of catches, and preservation techniques were developed fordrying, smoking, salting, and pickling fish. As larger boats were built, fishingcraft adventured farther into the oceans, and sea fishing developed into a well-defined business, with settlements whose main occupation was catching fish. Early ocean fisheries were confined to the coastal regions of settledareas and to the Mediterranean Sea, which had been the traditional fishinggrounds for large numbers of fish species, especially tuna. Slowly, the richfishing regions of the Atlantic Ocean and the North and Baltic seas began to beexploited. The opening of these new fishing grounds had a significant influenceon the spread of trade during the Middle Ages and on the establishment of newtrade routes for example, the herring fisheries in the southern Baltic andNorth seas that helped to establish the HANSEATIC LEAGUE. The opening of the fishing areas around Nova Scotia and Newfoundland hada serious effect on European history. First fished by the French in the early1500s, by the beginning of the 17th century the North Atlantic fisheries hadbecome the main source of New World wealth for England. .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 , .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .postImageUrl , .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 , .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821:hover , .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821:visited , .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821:active { border:0!important; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821:active , .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821 .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c05bdf5472824633a1b5957d89de821:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Role Of Mass Media In Politics EssayPRINCIPAL FISHERIESThe most important world fisheries are located in waters less than 400 min depth. Major fishing grounds are in the North Atlantic including the GRANDBANKS and the Georges Banks off the New England coast, the North Sea, the watersover the continental shelves of Iceland and Norway, and the Barents Sea; in theNorth Pacific, specifically the Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska, and the coastalareas around Japan; and off the coasts of China and Malaysia. Other importantfishing grounds are found off the coasts of the southeastern United States,Chile, Peru, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands, and off the coasts of Namibiaand Sout h Africa. More than one-half of the marine fish catch in the United States istaken in the Northeast Pacific and in Alaskan coastal waters. In 1993 the totalof all the

Jalynn Ayala Essays - Psychology, Personality, Isabel Briggs Myers

Jalynn Ayala Dr. Bryan Corbin Composition 1301 February 7, 2017 EST P Myers - Briggs Type Indicator In my research of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and prep ping for this paper, I have learned a lot of things about myself. One of the goals of this indicator is to point out how different , varied , and beautiful ly unique we are as humans . After I took the test I was told that my personality type is ESTP , which directly affects how I interact with the world. Background The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test results are obtained from a series of questions people must answer honestly to get a truthful response regarding their personality type. The MBTI tool was developed in the 1940s by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katharine Briggs ( Watchwellcast ) , "to make the insights of type theory accessible to individuals and groups ." F rom this Indicator Test , one can determine his or her personality type out of the 16 possible results ( Myers - Briggs ). " During the Depression years of the 1930s , when jobs were quite scarce, women had been openly discouraged from working outside the home" ( Yellin 39). The MBTI wa s use ful in assisting these women to find their particular place in the working world . B y determining individual personality characteristics, this tool had a direct effect on introducing women into an appropriate place in a working society ( Watchwellcast ). This exercise consists of four steps, with each step can give two possible outcomes . Step one determines what stimulates a person, determining whether they are an extrovert or introvert , referred to as "E" or "I " (Watchwellcast). Step two determines how an individual gathers information and learn s , resulting in one's learning preferences which are guided by sense or intuition ( "S" or " N " ) ( Watchwellcast ) . Step three indicates decision - making preferences ( Watchwellcast ). This step determines whether or not one is considered a thinker (making a decision based on data) or a feeler (doing what feels right at the time, resulting in sometimes spontaneous decisions) , r eferred to as "T" or "F ." Step four shows one's attitudes toward the world as evidenced by a person's judgments or perceptions, "J" or "P " (Watchwellcast). This process gene rates four letters, with the combination determining a personality type . For example , the results may yield ESTP, ENTP, ISFJ, IN TP, and so on for 16 possible outcomes (Myers-Briggs) . Finally, the combination of letters that result from this quiz will determine an assessment of one's personality ( Watchwellcast ). My personality type is EST P. Some personality characteristics used to describe this category are : often feel motivated b y their interaction with people, tend to enjoy a wide circle of acquaintances, and they g ain energy in social situations, focus their attention on the details rather than the big picture, and on immediate realities ra ther than future possibilities, tend to rely on objective criteria rather than personal values , and withhold judgment and delay important decisions (Myers - Briggs). My research will include how I handle my relationships, the way in which I communicate, and the learning style that w orks best for me , my career, relationships, personal communication style, and learning style. My Career Social interaction and spontaneity are accented in the EST P profile. My future job and c areer as an anesthesiologist require s strong problem - solving skills and the ability to be very flexible with my work schedule . This personality style does no t do well with rigid structure. Thankfully, my future job allows me to dictate my daily schedule. " ENFPs want to experience it all. For them, life supplies a rich and unending source of fun, excitement , and adventure. These charming people are enthusiastic and childlike with a great need for freedom and absolutely no desire to conform" (Wyman 89) . As Pat Wyman pointed out above, my personality style thrives with independence and adventure. EST P s crumble under structured conditions (Wyman 89 ). In a perfect world, one

3 Things You Need to Do Before You Apply For a New Job

3 Things You Need to Do Before You Apply For a New Job If your current job isn’t keeping you challenged and on your toes, stepping out into the field might be a great idea. So take a deep breath, make sure you’re sure you want to quit  your job, and do the following three things. 1. Re-evaluate your current gigWhat did you love about this job? Can you remember why you were excited about it in the first place? What did you learn? These questions will help you to make the best choice about your next gig. By being honest about the good and bad aspects of your current job, you’ll know better what you’re really looking for with your next.2. Don’t burn any bridgesYou need to look for new connections and new mentors, but you also need to keep up the relationships you already have. Be as active as possible in recruiting new talent into your network, and getting yourself out there in your new industry or work group, but don’t let your existing network fizzle. You’ll never know when you might need those contacts.3. Come out in the openThe hardest part will be telling your current boss that you are leaving- or thinking about leaving. But it is much better to be up front about this. It’s the classy and professional move. Your boss will thank you for the lead time to fill your position- and a month to six weeks notice is much better than the standard two.As long as you’re honest with yourself and your current boss, you can walk clear-eyed and contented into your next opportunity.

Role of Reason in politics essays

Role of Reason in politics essays Conservatives and Liberals take two very different attitudes to the role of reason in politics. Discuss the differences and establish which attitude is most reasonable? In this essay there is need to look at what the term Reason means and its role in politics in view of the attitudes of the conservatives and the liberals. This could be seen as the analysing and combining of ideas to form knowledge. Reason is a means of acquiring knowledge of the objective world (cognition) For Marxists, Reason, or rationality, is the objective form of processes of social action. Reason is often contrasted with Experience (as in the dispute between Rationalism and Empiricism) and with Intellect, which in this context refers to the aspect of cognition in which concepts remain stable and provide the basis for interpretation of experience. Reason is man's tool of understanding. It is the method of identifying entities through one's senses. It is the means of integrating those perceptions into concepts, gaining knowledge through this integration, integrating that knowledge into the rest of one's knowledge, and evaluating and manipulating ideas and facts. In Marxs Theses on Feuerbach: The chief defect of all hitherto existing materialism (that of Feuerbach included) is that the thing, reality, sensuousness, is conceived only in the form of the object or of contemplation, but not as sensuous human activity, practice, not subjectively. Hence, in contradistinction to materialism, the active side was developed abstractly by idealism - which, of course, does not know real, sensuous activity as such. In this theses Marx criticised the materialists for under-rating the role of Reason, and in this sense supports the Rationalists against the Empiricists; but, he says, the idealists (i.e. Hegel), who have understood the significance of Reason (the active side), do not know real, sensuous activity as such, and it is this which is...

Stone Mountain Ga. and surrounding area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stone Mountain Ga. and surrounding area - Essay Example It has the world’s largest exposed mass granite and the third largest monolith in the world. The Stone Mountain in Northern Georgia boosts a mysterious history with a lot of unanswered questions. Despite that, Stone Mountain is known today for its beauty and exquisite bas relief. Three figures from the Confederate States of America have been carved here; Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis. Stone Mountain is host to the Stone Mountain Park which is the major tourist attraction there at the site. In addition to that-it plays a major role in Georgia’s eco-system as well as its economy. Thesis Statement: A detailed research into the geological formation, History and economic value of Stone Mountain. 1. Formation of Stone Mountain 2. Most prevalent rock types 2.1 Granite Rock 2.2 Gneiss Rock 3. How old is Stone Mountain? 4. Birth of Stone Mountain 5. Plate tectonics relative to the creation of Stone Mountain 6. Weathering in Stone Mountain 6.1 Physical Weat hering 6.2 Chemical Weathering 6.3 Biological Weathering 6.4 Analysis of Weathering in Stone Mountain 7. Types of Rocks in Stone Mountain 8. The Georgia Piedmont 9. Resources in Stone Mountain 1.0 Formation of Stone Mountain Georgia’s geologic formation is extremely fascinating and is suspected to have covered a billion year period. Influenced by different formations and erosions from mountain ranges and geologic events such as severe climatic changes, and volcanic eruptions and flooding -Georgia’s geology still sparks mysterious questions. The compilation of these geologic events has led to the formation of a historical landmark known today as Stone Mountains. With reference to Larry Worthy’s article ‘Stone Mountain Natural History’ (exclusively for About North Georgia, 1994-2011) Stone Mountain at its highest point stands a mighty 1683 feet above sea level and sits on the western edge of a large belt of Lithonia Gneiss granite although the younger intrusive granite that comprises the mountain is entirely different from Lithonia granite. Commonly referred to as a granite dome manadnock, Stone Mountain’s development disseminated through several counties and provides a significant amount of bas relief. The formation of the Stone Mountain is still pondered by many geologists with a lot of unanswered questions. However, based on reviewed literature it is safe to say; water, desert like conditions and glacial features played a vital role in its formation. First up, the Stone Mountain in Georgia was formed during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny which also created the Appalachian Mountains. Technically speaking, the ‘stress’ and ‘pressure’ from the Alleghenian Orogeny caused huge uplifts of land in the Northern Georgia region to form mountains. As far as water impacting Stone Mountain’s formation goes; many geologists believe that the Piedmont was higher than the mountain at one poi nt and as millions of years passed the water slowly eroded leaving so much of the Stone Mountain granite exposed. On the other hand, in the Researcher’s opinion, its formative exposure could be due to heat and pressure inside the earth alongside the divergent occurrences of plate tectonic processes. In addition to that, the desert like conditions in the area help to define the mineral composition of the different rock types found in the region. 2.0 Most Prevalent Rock Types on Stone Mountain Rocks from the Stone Mountains belong to the three major classifications

World Health Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Health Organization - Essay Example ves of WHO is â€Å"To reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy ageing for all individuals† (WHO, 2012). The target population of WHO are all people in the world in general and the poor people in the underdeveloped countries in particular, which do not have adequate resources to ensure the health and safety of their citizens. UN has introduced a lot of vaccines for the prevention of different kinds of diseases in such countries as India, Pakistan, Sudan, and Ethiopia. â€Å"WHO was on the alert in those parts of the world experiencing humanitarian crises, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Horn of Africa, Iraq, Sudan and in particular Darfur, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and elsewhere† (Chaib, 2006). WHO has an operational history full of successes and few failures since its establishment. In the year 1947, WHO created an epidemiological service of information through telex and launched the programme for the eradication of malaria in the year 1955. Ten years later, WHO created the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In 1966, WHO shifted in its headquarters building. In 1974, WHO started the Expanded Programme on Immunization. In 1975, WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Between 1986 and 1996, WHO was actively involved in creating awareness about the causes, risks, and prevention of HIV/AIDS and Polio. It took several measures to providing the patients of HIV/AIDS with medical attention without discrimination on the basis of race or region. In 1988, WHO established the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Smallpox was a major health issue in 31 countries of the world in the year 1967. The victims of smallpox in 1967 was from 10 to 15 million, out of which 2 million patients died while millions got

Discussion about the human life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion about the human life - Essay Example Destruction of human life is a consequence of reckless and irresponsible driving amongst many drivers. When people get deployed, sacked or fail to pass their final exams, we get irritated but at least our lives are not endangered. When we are on the road, however, irresponsible motor vehicle drivers are more than irritating: They put our lives at risk and many of us have witnessed careless, reckless, incompetent drivers exchanging lanes, not observing road signs and traffic lights. For example nearly or hitting down pedestrians in a pedestrian crossing. A number of bills to regulate proper use of roads (Traffics Act Rules) have been introduced in state legislatures , the time has know come to push for their enactment as these regulation is will help careless, reckless drivers seriously impaired. There is no doubt that reckless driving cause traffic deaths and permanent disabilities. Not observing road signs and other Traffic Rule Acts have caused many fatal accidents leaving many phy sically and emotionally challenged. Physically the casualties either lose their legs or either part of their body. While emotionally they become somehow mentally retarded due to ether accident, divorce, life challenges, and religion. Some quotes that attempt to provide an insight on the above discussion include: â€Å"I profoundly agree with you, and I`ve always felt that one of the things that is wrong with religion is that it teaches us to be satisfied with answers which are not really answers at all (236)†; â€Å"When it’s gone, you`ll know what a gift love was. You`ll suffer like this. So go back and fight to keep it† that talks about enduring love. In addition, McEwan describes life experiences when he asserts that â€Å"although you think the world is at your feet, it can rise up and tread on you.† There are other quotes that describe the position of McEwan in respect to life when he asserts that â€Å"the cost of oblivious daydreaming was always t his moment of return, the realignment with what had been before and now seemed a little worse† (201). This quotes talks about proximity in life experiences. McEwan (178) points out that â€Å"a story was a form of telepathy. By means of linking symbols onto a page thoughts and feelings from her mind to her reader`s. It was a magical process, so commonplace that no one stopped to wonder at it.† Question Two Atonement is an aspect allowing individuals who have committed some crime or are involved in unethical practices to gain freedom from mental anguish and torture arising from the guilt o being a criminal. After engaging in many criminal activities, Briony is still not ready to atone for the same. In her final scene with McAvoy and Knightly they describe what she must atone for her sin. She does not do this â€Å"I no longer saw what purpose it would serve† (McEwan 198). From the perspective of Briony’s crime, it is not easy to forgive. Briony felt betraye d at the fountain not only that Robbie had sex with her younger sister but also turned up not knight she also waited for long so the lie developed into a disease of guilt. Through her we get the two major issues; jealousy and betrayal. â€Å"Save me â€Å"scene Robbie perception of what went wrong with Briony and herself. Briony telling Fiona it happened when she was 10 years old and she tells Robbie â€Å"I love you†. At the same time Briony knew all that happened at the fountain, from her view Robbie ordered Cecilia to strip down to her underwear and go into the fountain Robbie too attacked Cee in library. In real sense Lola was not raped but was engaging in consensual sex. â€Å"Save me† scene Broiny shows us jealousy where she jumped into the river to show her love issue. The purest â€Å"

Drug Usage In Sports Physical Education Essay

Drug Usage In Sports Physical Education Essay Athletes normally use drugs while training and during an event to give themselves an unfair advantage over the other competitors. Drugs can be used during training to allow the person to train for longer, build muscle faster and to quicken the recovery after training, to allow them to train sooner than from the time taken to recover naturally. The world anti-doping agency (WADA) is the head of controlling the use of drugs within major sports, the Olympics, NBA etc.i WADA have banned many substances from use within sports for several reasons, the main reason to protect the athlete and their health as not everyone who takes then performance enhancers does it of their own free will. Other reasons include the prevention of aggressive behavior because some steroids can promote aggression and in a contact sport this could lead to fatal injuries to the opponent. Also the effect performance enhancers has on fair play, taking a substance that gives you an unfair advantage is pure and simple cheating. The use of drugs as an aid in sports dates back to ancient times, where mushrooms and herbs were used by the Greeks and Romans to enhance performance. In the 19th century these mushrooms and herbs were substituted for alcohol, opium and caffeine. In the present day there is a much larger cocktail of drugs used including; anabolic agents, ?2-agonists, diuretics, stimulants, narcotics and beta blockers to mention a few. The aim of this dissertation is to look into the classes of drugs used in the sporting world, how they affect the body, how they work in the body on a cellular level, how athletes are tested for drugs and the side effects of short and long term use. Examples of drugs used Androgenic anabolic steroids are synthetic forms of the male hormone Testosterone, in sports the more common steroids are Stanozolol (aka Stromba) and Nandrolone (aka Deca-Durabolin). WADA (world anti-doping agency) holds a list of all banned steroids from the major sporting organizations some of the oral administered steroids that are banned include Anadrol (oxymetholone), Oxandrin (oxandrolone) and Dianabol (methandrostenolone). Banned injectable steroids include Durabolin (nandrolone phenpropionate), Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate), Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate). Stromba can come in the form of a 50mg/ml injection or a 5mg tablet where Nandrolone comes in a 2ml vial with a dosage of 100mg/ml, the effective dose is 250 1500 mg per week. These drugs when taken increase protein synthesis and enhance muscle development, when used in the medical world these drugs can decrease the itching of chronic biliary obstruction and they are used in the therapy of some aplastic anaemias. Steroids can also be used to compensate for people who can produce testosterone or can produce enough of it for their body to function normally, this is a symptom of 47, XXY males (Klinefelters syndrome).ii In sports the enhanced muscle development side of steroids is more important. It is more likely to observe this type of drug use in athletes who will be required to use a lot of strength, ie weight lifters, shot putters, discus throwers etc in the Olympics. The use of these drugs may also be observed in sports such as rugby and baseball. Normally ?2-agonists are used in the treatment of asthma by acting as a bronchodilator, which requires stimulation of ?2 adrenoceptors. Athletes exploit the ability of these drugs to dilate the airways and use ?2-agonists in order to gain advantage over the competition by being able to take deeper breaths than normal. This was mostly seen in swimming events where the athlete could stay under water longer and reduce resistance while swimming. Some ?2-agonists are still permitted for use by the International Olympic Charter (IOC)iii, the permited drugs are salbutamol, terbutaline, formoterol and salmeterol. However if an athlete is to take one of these drugs they must wait until the initial effects of the drug have passed before competing. This drug is normally taken orally through use of an inhaler. Narcotics are one of the earliest drugs used in medicine for pain relief; they work by acting on the brain to reduce the amount of pain felt. This is useful to athletes who maybe injured to allow themselves to force their bodies back into training. This is very risky, as forcing training upon an injured body can lead to further injury.iv Narcotics can be administered through many different methods, depending on what drug it is. Cocaine is normally inhaled through the nose, heroin is normally injected into a vein and morphine can be administered through IV drip or taken in the form of a tablet. The benefit of this class of drug is it allows the athlete to push themselves further, through what is known as the pain threshold. The pain threshold is like a wall that athletes will hit while training vigorously for extended periods of time, this wall is often difficult to overcome and the use of narcotics aids in this battle. This class of drug doesnt just include illegal drugs such as hero in or cocaine but also includes morphine, and although mild, codeine. Diuretics which include Frusimide, chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide come in a tablet form and can prevent the reabsorption of water from the kidneys, this is used in the medical world as treatment for heart failure and hypertension, and it can also be used in lower concentrations to reduce blood pressure. Diuretics are controlled in sports due to their ability to remove water from the body; this type of drug is mostly beneficial to athletes who are trying to make a weight class, ie boxing. If an athlete is meant to be in a middle class weight group and looses water to put him in a light weight class it gives him an unfair advantage over who he may be fighting. Diuretics can also be used to mask the effect anabolic steroids have on the body, as these steroids can cause the body to retain water. Diuretics have also been taken to try and cover drug usage when tests are carried out, as diuretics can control the excretion of water from the body they have been taken to try and dilute the concentration of other drugs in urine.v Beta-blockers are a primary therapeutic use in the fight against cardiovascular disease, but it was also found during treatment that these medicines stopped muscle tremors.vi This is of benefit to the sports of professional archery or shooting in the pentathlon and can also be used in snooker. The down side to this is the disadvantage it holds in activates that exert the body like long distance running, so to combat the use of beta-blocker so the officials of the pentathlon held the long distance running and shooting on the same day. However the athletes then started using beta-blockers with a shorter half life. Discussion The drugs used in sport all work to the same purpose which is to enhance ones performance in a specific event through non-natural means. Although all the drugs described work towards the same goal, they each work differently in the body on a cellular receptor level. In this section I will describe and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some of these drugs. I will also look at the desired effects on the body and the unwanted effects as well as metabolism of drugs. Pharmacokinetics deals with the half life of drugs in the body, the metabolism and excretion of drugs from the body. Pharmacodynamics is how the drug produces its response, the receptors involved and where they may be located in the cell and what organs are affected by the drug in question. Pharmacokinetics The body is a very effective tool when it comes to transforming active chemicals into inactive ones. This process is done through the use of enzymes normally produced by the cells of the liver, but some other cells throughout the body are also used for metabolism. In relation to this topic metabolism is simple changes to an active chemical or drug into a safe metabolite which can then be excreted from the body.vii However metabolism does not always work this way, sometimes an active compound can be metabolized into another active compound which the same pharmacological effect with higher or lower potency or a completely different pharmacological effect. An active compound may also be changed into a toxic metabolite or an inactive drug can be activated. Drugs can be eliminated from the body through many means. The compounds can be passes through urine from the kidneys or in faeces from the rectum. They can also be passed from the bodys salivary glands as saliva, from the sweat glands, the pulmonary epithelium as exhaled gasses and from mammary glands in the form of mammary milk. The half life of a drug is the time taken for the concentration of a drug in your system to half; the half life varies from drug to drug. Normally a drug is taken at regular intervals to keep its concentration in the therapeutic level. Athletes however may only take one dose of the drug for their upcoming event. Pharmacodynamics Anabolic steroids bind to androgen receptors found in the prostate, skeletal muscle, the liver and the CNS. The highest expression level was observed in the prostate, adrenal gland and epididermis which were determined by real-time PCR reactions.viii The androgen receptors are located in the cytoplasm of a cell, which is why steroids have to be soluble compounds. Once testosterone or DHT binds to a receptor it is translocated to the nucleus. Androgen receptors are directly linked to the regulation of gene transcription, when a receptor is stimulated by testosterone it produces primary male characteristics by activating hormones in the wolffian duct. Wolffian ducts are embryonic structures which form the male internal genitalia.ix The secondary male characteristics such as hair follicles are a response to DHT binding to the androgen receptor; DHT is produced when 5-alpha-reductase acts on testosterone. One of the more common side effects of this drug is the inhibition of your own hormones. If more of a hormone is introduced into your body it will cause your body to react and produce less of the hormone. Other side effects include not being able to perform sexually, steroids can lead to an increase in LDLs (bad cholesterol), an increase in estrogen has also been observed which can lead to the development of breast tissue in men and steroids can also have a damaging effect on the liver. ?2-agonists as the name suggest work on ?2 adrenoceptors which are located on the cell membrane. When a ?2-agonist binds to a ?2 adrenoceptor it causes smooth muscle relaxation which in asthma sufferers dilates the airways and helps them to breathe normally, in athletes this allows them to take deeper breaths and inhale more oxygen which increases stamina and reduces fatigue. The major side effect from ?2-agonists is cardiac arrhythmia, this is due to an increased myocardial oxygen demand, ?2-agonists can also lead to angina in patients with coronary artery disease and tremors have also been observed. Narcotics are classed as opioids, which are any drug that produces morphine-like-effects, and bind to opioid receptors. Opioid recrptors are linked through G-proteins to inhibition of adenylate cyclase and facilitate the opening of Potassium channels which causes hyperpolarisation. This binding also inhibits the opening of calcium channels which inhibits transmitter release. The side effects of these drugs include respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation and dependence. There are three subcategories of opioid receptors, , ? and ? receptors. Pure opioid drugs have more of an affinity for receptors; this binding is what produces the euphoric effect of opioid drugs.xThe opioid receptors can be found both presynaptically and postsynaptically depending on the cell type. Receptors are mostly presynaptic in the periaqueductal grey region of the brain. These receptors can also be found in layers of the cerebral cortex and the intestinal tract. Diuretics are divided into two categories; loop diuretics which are of the most powerful and distal tubule diuretics. Normally less than 1% of sodium that is taken into the body is excreted but the use of loop diuretics causes fifteen to twenty percent of filtered sodium to be excreted with copious amounts of urine. Loop diuretics work by inhibiting sodium, potassium and chloride co-transporters in the thick ascending loop and increase potassium and calcium loss.xi The unwanted effects of this include dehydration and hypokalaemia (defined as a potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/l). Beta-blockers attach to ? adrenoceptors on cells of the heart and produce no response in the cell. The body normally responds to stress by releasing lots of adrenaline which activates the bodies fight or flight response which is normally useful in the cases of being chased by a bear. Some athletes however have to keep their cool and take beta-blockers to stop this response from occurring.xii Athletes that require a steady hand for accurate aim in archery may be persuaded to take these. The undesired effects of this type of drug is it disallows your heart rate to increase, so if beta-blockers are taken before a race blood wont circulate oxygen around the body fast enough to maintain a fast pace. Conclusion From my research I can understand why some athletes may take performance enhancing drugs but I am not certain the short term gain outweighs the long term loss. Boxers who are a tiny bit heavy and have to go into a tougher weight class are understandably scared; they will be among the lightest in their class going up against bigger guys, where if they use diuretics and drop some water they become the bigger guys in a lower weight class. For some athletes they may be getting on in their career and want to end it with a win so they cheat in order to finish their career on a high. Athletes at the start of their career are out of their minds, to put it politely, to use these drugs because they have a whole career ahead of them to work on weakness in a natural way and better themselves each year until they achieve their victory. Is it not better to work hard at something and reap more self satisfaction knowing that you have trained hard and achieved your goal of your own doing without damaging your body, than to win a hollow victory through the use of drugs and then be disgraced when tests come back positive for drug use. All in all I think drugs should stay where they belong, in the hospitals where they are of most benefit to society. i World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) constitutive instrument of foundation, 1999, lausanne (www.wada-ama.org) ii Hormonal studies in klinefelters syndrome august 1974, C. Wang, H.W.G. Baker, D.M. DEKrester, B, Hudson iii International Olympic Charter against doping in sports, medical commission, IOC 1990 iv Drugs in sport fourth edition, 2005, David R. Mottram v The influence of diuretics on excretion and metabolism of doping agents, 1986, Delbeke FT, Debackere M vi Heart failure reviews, pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of beta-blockers in heart failure volume 9/issue 2 April 2004 , Springer Netherlands vii Drugs and the human body fifth edition 1996, Ken Liska viii The androgen receptor: a mediator of diverse response, 1996, Keller ET, Ershler WB, Chang C [pubmed] ix Regulation of wolffian duct development, 2007, Hannema SE, Hughes IA [pubmed] x A primer of drug action, A comprehensive guide to actions, uses and side effects of psychoactive drugs eleventh edition, 2007, Robert M. Julian, Clair D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty xi Rang and Dales pharmacology sixth edition, 2007, H.P. Rang, M. Maureen Dale, James M. Ritter xii Pharmacology fifth edition, 2003, H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, P.K. Moore

Playing Roller Hockey Essay -- Personal Narrative Sports Athletics Ess

Playing Roller Hockey Throughout my lifetime, many different goals have been set and achieved, but the most significant goal I accomplished was making the Foothill Grizzlies hockey team. Playing hockey, by far, is one of my favorite things to do. Whether I am playing for fun in a pickup game or against a top team in the state, hockey is what I love to do. The Foothill Grizzlies were a roller hockey team that was formed when I was about the age of 13. I had heard many good things about the team, which at the time was one of the most respected teams in the state of California. Coached by a man named Jon Adimack, the team had won most of the tournaments and leagues they entered in. Hearing about this team and the consistency of its players, I was shocked to hear they were hosting tryouts. I jumped on the opportunity, because the leagues I had been in were not the most competitive. I was looking for a chance to step my game up and play for a traveling tournament team. When I showed up for the tryouts, I was amazed at the way the players knew one another. The guys had been playing for a long time together, so the communication on and off of the rink was outstanding. Not only were they teammates, but they were also best friends. Seeing all of these things, I was a little skeptical to tryout, because I was intimidated. Finally, me and my best friend Mike got on the rink and began to skate. When the drills started, I was excited because I was feeling very comfortable. I did all of the workouts and ran the drills as best I could, and was excited to hear what the coach thought of me and my buddy. The coach thought we did very good and asked us to join the team. We showed the coach exactly wha... ...thought I would play such competitive hockey, because everything before it was local leagues. Joining this traveling team was amazing; because I matured over the four years emotionally and physically. My game had never been better than when I played for the Grizzlies, as I was â€Å"in my prime.† Achieving the goal of making the team was outstanding on its own, but winning a championship of that caliber was more than I could ask for. I was able to have the best time of my life while playing with this team, but unfortunately, the team folded. We were all growing up and had to take time off for school, so the team gradually separated. These were the greatest times in my life and the greatest achievement also. Never will there be something that made me feel so good, and although I don’t speak to any of them, they made up the greatest experiences of my life for four years.

Legalization of Marijuana Paper

|ETHICAL ISSUE MAP |[pic] | ———————– 7. Do any PEDs or pseudoethics enter into my thinking about this issue? Some of the psuedoethics that enter into thinking about this issue I would have to say would be religious beliefs. It came up it the discussion that the Native Americans smoke marijuana at their spiritual and religious ceremony’s. 9. Implications/Consequences of my conclusion.I truly believe that there wouldn’t be any consequences it the government legalized marijuana. 8. Thought Out Conclusion I personally feel that the America would very much so benefit from the legalization of marijuana. 3. Important Information I need to know to answer these ethical questions. What research needs to be done? Some research that may need to be done before making a decision would probably be research. I think that they should research how marijuana affects the brain and if this is a positive or negative thing.I also believ e that they should do tests to see how people operate while under the influence of marijuana. 4. What ethical theories & concepts can I use to guide my thinking? Which theory is most important one to apply here? In regard to the use of legalization of marijuana I believe that the ethical relativism theory is the most important concept to apply to this matter. These issues are based on what is normal in ones culture and many societies have different beliefs.This is especially true in regard to the usage of marijuana, for example the American Indian culture was well known for smoking â€Å" peace pipes† and in todays society in Holland they actually have cafe style places that people can meet specifically to smoke marijuana, similar to a coffee bar, Many years ago marijuana was actually legal in the United States however as noted in the Ethical Relativism Theory minority beliefs can become the code for society and its institutionalized ethical practices. 2. Who are the Stakehol ders? DoctorsCancer victims Anyone with Pain The government 5. How can I re-frame this issue? I can re-frame this issue by looking at this topic at different viewpoints and seeing other options to this. One may think that if marijuana is legalized that it will only be used primarily for recreational use but if they look further into what it can to benefit people that may help change their mind. 6. Main assumptions & can I support these assumptions? I assume that if marijuana is legalized it will only benefit the U. S government and human health.The way that it will help the government is that we could tax it like we tax food and other goods and this would help out our economy. Also it would help our human health by benefiting those that have sever pain who don’t want to take medication that they could possibly become addicted to. It will also help cancer victims, people with sever migraines and a lot of other different diseases. 1. Define the issue. What are the specific ethi cal questions that arise from this issue? The ethical question being asked here is should marijuana be legalized?

Howler Monkey Facts (Alouatta)

Howler Monkey Facts (Alouatta) Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) are the largest New World monkeys. They are the loudest land animal, producing howls that can be heard up to three miles away. Fifteen species and seven subspecies of howler monkey are currently recognized. Fast Facts: Howler Monkey Scientific Name: AlouattaCommon Names: Howler monkey, New World baboonBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Head and body: 22-36 inches; tail: 23-36 inchesWeight: 15-22 poundsLifespan: 15-20 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Central and South American forestsPopulation: DecreasingConservation Status: Least Concern to Endangered Description Like other New World monkeys, howler monkeys have wide side-set nostrils and furred prehensile tails with naked tips that help the primates grip tree branches. Howler monkeys have beards and long, thick hair in shades of black, brown, or red, depending on sex and species. The monkeys are sexually dimorphic, with males 3 to 5 pounds heavier than females. In some species, such as the black howler monkey, mature males and females have different coat colors. Howler monkeys are the largest New World monkeys, with head and body length averaging 22 to 36 inches. One characteristic of the species is its extremely long, thick tail. The average tail length is 23 to 36 inches, but there are howler monkeys with tails five times their body length. Adults weigh between 15 and 22 pounds. Like humans, but unlike other New World monkeys, howlers have trichromatic vision. Both male and female howler monkeys have an enlarged hyoid bone (Adams apple) that helps them make extremely loud calls. Males and females are different colors in some howler monkey species. Tier Und Naturfotografie J und C Sohns / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Howler monkeys live in the tropical forests of Central and South America. They spend their lives in the tree canopy, only rarely descending to the ground. Howler monkey distribution. Miguelrangeljr IUCN / Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License Diet The monkeys primarily forage tree leaves from the upper canopy, but also eat fruit, flowers, nuts, and buds. They sometimes supplement their diet with eggs. Like other mammals, howler monkeys cannot digest cellulose from leaves. Bacteria in the large intestine ferment cellulose and produce nutrient-rich gases which the animals use as an energy source. Behavior Obtaining energy from leaves is an inefficient process, so howler monkeys are generally slow-moving and live within relatively small home ranges (77 acres for 15 to 20 animals). Males vocalize at dawn and dusk to identify their position and communicate with other troops. This minimizes conflict over feeding and sleeping grounds. Troop ranges overlap, so howling lessens the need for males to patrol territories or fight. Each troop consists of six to 15 animals, usually containing one to three adult males. Mantled howler monkey troops are larger and contain more males. Howler monkeys rest in the trees about half of the day. Reproduction and Offspring Howler monkeys reach sexual maturity around 18 months of age and display sexual readiness by tongue-flicking. Mating and birth may occur at any time of the year. Mature females give birth every two years. Gestation is 180 days for the black howler monkey and results in a single offspring. At birth, both male and female black howler monkeys are blond, but males turn black at two and a half years of age. In other species the color of the young and adults is the same for both sexes. Adolescent males and females leave their parents troop to join unrelated troops. The average life expectancy of a howler monkey is 15 to 20 years. Conservation Status Howler monkey IUCN conservation status varies according to species, ranging from least concern to endangered. The population trend is unknown for some species and decreasing for all others. Howler monkeys are protected in parts of their range. Threats The species faces multiple threats. Like other New World monkeys, howlers are hunted for food. They face habitat loss and degradation from deforestation and land development for residential, commercial, and agricultural use. Howler monkeys also face competition from other species, such as spider monkeys and woolly monkeys. Howler Monkeys and Humans Howler monkeys are not aggressive toward humans and are sometimes kept as pets despite their loud vocalizations. Some Mayan tribes worshiped howler monkeys as gods. Sources Boubli, J., Di Fiore, A., Rylands, A.B. Mittermeier, R.A. Alouatta nigerrima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T136332A17925825. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T136332A17925825.enGroves, C.P. Order Primates. In: D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder (eds), Mammal Species of the World, pp. 111-184. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2005.Neville, M. K., Glander, K. E., Braza, F. and Rylands, A. B. The howling monkeys, genus Alouatta. In: R. A. Mittermeier, A. B. Rylands, A. F. Coimbra-Filho an G. A. B. da Fonseca (ed.), The Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Vol. 2, pp. 349–453, 1988. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA.Sussman, R. Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Vol. 2: New World Monkeys, Revised First Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 142–145. July, 2003. ISBN 978-0-536-74364-0.

Causes Of The Great Depression Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Causes Of The Great Depression Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Causes of The Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The maldistribution of wealth in the 1920's existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920's kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the maldistribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The "roaring twenties" was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nation's total realized income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929(end note 1). However, the rewards of the "Coolidge Prosperity" of the 1920's were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study done by the Brookings Institute, in 1929 the top 0.1% of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%(end note 2). That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all(end note 3). Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million(end note 4) in the same year that the average personal income was $750(end note 5). By present day ezdards, where the average yearly income in the U.S. is around $18,500(end note 6), Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year! This maldistribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920's. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1% enjoyed a stupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income(end note 7). A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout this period. From 1923-1929 the average output per worker increased 32% in manufacturing(end note 8). During that same period of time average wages for manufacturing jobs increased only 8%(end note 9). Thus wages increased at a rate one fourth as fast as productivity increased. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained conezt, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into corporate profits. In fact, from 1923-1929 corporate profits rose 62% and dividends rose 65%(end note 10). The federal government also contributed to the growing gap between the rich and middle-class. Calvin Coolidge's administration (and the conservative-controlled government) favored business, and as a result the wealthy who invested in these businesses. An example of legislation to this purpose is the Revenue Act of 1926, signed by President Coolidge on February 26, 1926, which reduced federal income and inheritance taxes dramatically(end note 11). Andrew Mellon, Coolidge's Secretary of the Treasury, was the main force behind these and other tax cuts throughout the 1920's. In effect, he was able to lower federal taxes such that a man with a million-dollar annual income had his federal taxes reduced from $600,000 to $200,000(end note 12). Even the Supreme Court played a role in expanding the gap between the socioeconomic classes. In the 1923 case Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the Supreme Court ruled minimum-wage legislation unconstitutional(end note 13). The large and growing disparity of wealth between the well-to-do and the middle-income citizens made the U.S. economy unstable. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. In an economy with such disparate distribution of income it is not assured that demand will always equal supply. Essentially what happened in the 1920's was that there was an oversupply of goods. It was not that the surplus products of industrialized society were

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or Essay - 2

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or musical performance - Essay Example There is abundant collection of art that simply breath-taking. The stunning glass pyramid on the central courtyard remained a marvelous place to commence the tour of the museum. Being in a guided tour was a well-sought idea as it enabled me to learn all about the exhibits and their history. The whole tour process became even more convenient as the audio guides played a prominent role of otherwise the human guides’ responsibility. At the glass pyramid, I managed to see the statue of King Louis XIV. The display of the history of the utility was clear also for everyone to read. Louvre museum was originally a royal palace, but they later turned the building to a museum in the 1700’s (Edward, 2008). River Seine in the nearby enhance the function of the utility as it add to its aesthetic value. The fact that it was easy to access the area was a lovely thing for me. The fun also starts even before accessing the inside of the museum. This is because the Beautiful Carrousel Gardens, as well as the Tuileris gardens, provide an environment for a casual stroll. This became enhanced by the fact one could access some sculptures and statutes by such artists as Aristide Maillol and Auguste Rodin, from the outside. As much as most people are not art enthusiasts, the impressive collection was just astounding. Ranging from Egyptians, Greek to Romans Artifacts, there are numerous paintings. Among these pieces, of work are the Delacroix, Watteau, as well as Louis XIV court paintings. Other exceptional artwork includes Jacques-Louis David’s painting, â€Å"The coronation Of Napoleon.† The â€Å"Hyacinth Rigaud’s piece by Louis XIV was another marvelous exhibit. These artworks have a universal appeal. This is especially for the work of Leonardo da Vinci. This was one of my favorite pieces of exhibits. It includes the painting of Mona Lisa. This artwork is so widely praised, and I had the chance to confirm the

A critique of leadership and team management style in the light of Vip Essay

A critique of leadership and team management style in the light of Vip model and other current theories - Essay Example Few decades back, dynamics of a household were rigidly defined as father entrusted with the role of a bread winner, and the mother assigned to be the housekeeper. It was, most assuredly, regarded a woman’s duty to ensure that her husband and children were well taken care of. However, the shifting social, economical, and financial conditions, along with the increasing cost of living, has vastly evolved the thinking process, and has resulted, in many families, both parents working for livelihood. In addition, the deteriorating family structure, increasing poverty, and decreasing sense of security, has also resulted in children, from an early age, suffering from confidence and self-esteem issues. The severity of this situation can be realized from the fact that between years 2004 and 2008, eight hundred new children centers were inaugurated in UK and thirty percent of them were opened in extremely disadvantaged communities (Siraj-Blatchford and Manni 2007).This highlights the sig nificant role played by the nurseries and other early year’s centers in the support and growth of their respective communities. If a center succeeds in providing a safe, secure, and a neutral learning environment to its children, it not only provides peace of mind to parents, but most importantly leaves an indelible mark on children’s lives, and molds them to become better individuals. As the beginning proverb hints, taking proper care of a child requires a collective effort, which can only be possible with appropriate leadership and guidance. Therefore, to run a successful early year’s center, a manager is required to have certain specific attributes. My interview was based on three themes, which were Vision, Implementation/Operational, and People Manager/Team Management Skills of the managing practitioner. These themes were based on the â€Å"VIP Model,† which was proposed by Mark Hollingworth (2003, p. 34). According to Hollingworth, a true leader is i n fact a ‘VIP,’ which stands for ‘Visionary, Implementer, and a People Manager’. These three primary leadership traits, in the light of other theories as well, will be mostly explored in this portfolio. Various other themes, such as handling parent-staff interactions, curriculum setting, goals of the center, etc. were also considered, but after careful consideration, it was deduced that Hollingworth’s three categories encompasses majority of the themes. For example, parent-staff meetings is a part of ‘people manager’ category, curriculum setting falls in the ‘implementation’, and goal setting is definitely an element of the ‘vision.’ As shown in Appendix A, The format adopted for the interview was semi-structured, consisting of mostly open ended questions. The justification of using this format was to get a deep insight into the mind of interviewee, and to judge his leadership style according to VIP model and ot her contemporary management theories. In addition, the interview was designed and conducted with the intention of â€Å"establishment of rapport, identification of follow-up questions, and avoidance of leading questions’ (Partington 2001, p. 4). The conversation was carried out with utmost neutrality, empathy, and without any judgmental and sarcastic connotations. On the whole, the interview was primarily structured to find out if Mr. John Smith, our interviewee, has characteristics of becoming a VIP. It should be noted that, due to confidentiality, the real names of our interviewee and care center are not revealed in this report. The significance of having a ‘

DEATH TO INMATES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DEATH TO INMATES - Essay Example On the same note, the security of prisoners and those who work in the prisons would be ensured because there would be some form of security system s within which activities within the prisons are monitored but not in a manner that interferes with the privacy of the prisoners (Payne, 2004). In case the security gadgets are put within the premises, the footage should be recorded because that would help to reduce bad incidences in the prisons. Such recordings would be used for investigations purposes and help reduce future incidences. However, that would have a high cost implications because those security budgets are expensive. Even though the gadgets are expensive, they should be bought nonetheless because of the benefits that have in reducing negative incidences. It does not make sense that mere convenience stores have such gadgets but prisons ran by government do not. The government can afford and should therefore buy them. Payne, B. (2004). The Electronic Monitoring of Offenders Released from Jail or Prison: Safety, Control, and Comparisons to the Incarceration Experience. The Prison Journal, 84(4), 413-435.

Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence. Essay Example for Free

Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence. Essay This book gives us the history about assault on spouses. Dutton talks of two major social phenomena that emerged in North American and the Western countries in Europe. Long and tedious struggle of women led their rights get recognized. It goes further to state the measures and incidences of violence including theories concerning women assault. The cycle of violence and people who possess abusive personalities are stated even assault on men.Ideas in this book are crucial for they teach about recognizing one another especially those who possess violent personalities. It is good for the society for it educates one to accept one’s rights and difference between marriage duties and rights. It also shows us that we can eliminate all odds in our society and try to make each and every person feel that he or she belongs to it fully without any intimidation or discrimination. Dutton’s ideas can be used to help those who possess abusive personality by attending psychiatrists and avoiding any abusive behavior. It can be used to educate spouses in a marriage so that they will evade future marriage problems. Also, in the current globalized world, the ideas in this book can help us socialize and live together in peace and harmony especially in the domestic setup. This book can help people who are married to other cultures to harmonize or leave those cultures and then live with the acceptance and respect of each other’s rights. Weiss, Elaine. Surviving Domestic Violence: Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano: Volcano Press, 2004. Print. In this book, Surviving Domestic Violence: Voices of Women Who Broke Free, Weiss wrote about several stories of women who had been subjected to domestic violence. She got these stories by interviewing and later writing them down. The book talks of what they went through and how they later managed to escape it. It gives reasons as to why such incidences were happening. After escape, the women took a very long time finally to recover the psychological and wounds they got due to this violence. But also, some were yet to recover fully for the ordeal they went through changed their lives negatively. Those who managed to deal with stress after coming out say that they are stronger than ever. The different stories taught in this book are the true causes and effects of domestic related violence. They bring about what one goes through and how one feels while undergoing the violence. Also, it helps to understand what to do when such incidences happen. It also shows its effects and how they change one’s life, therefore, targeting those who abuse their partners. This book is a very good example as it shows us that those who have already freed themselves from the marital abuses can educate others like the youth and couples about domestic violence so that they refrain from them. The stories are very encouraging for they give people motivation to solve their problems and also how one can escape this. They can be used by those specialists in parental guidance and counseling to help them shape their marriage when such incidences are reported to them and even before couples get married. The ideas in this book can enable those undergoing abuses to get out and look for a better marriage partner. One only needs to accept that he or she is undergoing domestic violence and therefore if it cannot solve; one can boldly walk away and start life afresh. Marriage is not slavery, but it’s a path towards achieving your goals in life as one needs a partner who is willing to assist where possible so that they make all their dreams in life to happen. Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence Cook, Philip W. Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport: Praeger, 2009. Print. Phillip exposes how men goes through domestic violence silently. He talks of how real it is that men are going through domestic violence without the society suspecting. He brings several stories of men who have been undergoing through such violence from their wives for a long time. Then he goes further to give tips that can help one to find freedom from any form of abuse. He talks of resistance and acceptance for those who are abusing their spouses and how they come to realize that each and every person deserves respect. He also talks of new great approaches that can be used to reduce domestic violence. He then gives survey statistics of domestic violence in Canada and also how the relationship changes between the offenders to their victims. The story is helpful in realizing what some men undergo. It gives statistics of domestic violence that people are not ready to discuss. The society is helped to recognize men who are undergoing domestic abuses from their spouses. The statistics helps people to know how long they have been living with their friends undergoing abuses without even realizing it. It talks of acceptance that can help those who are yet to accept their spouse the way they are. It is helpful for it shows how much men can be subjected to torture with use of dangerous tools. Such tools include; knives, machetes and any other type of a life-threatening tool or machine so that one can force their partner to follow their commands. Philip’s ideas can be used to know the men who are undergoing abuses from their wives and enable us to help them come out of the problem. Also, it encourages courage especially those who are not courageous enough to come out and tell their ordeal to the society. This book can help men to free themselves away from any form of abuse and intimidation from their partners. This book is crucial as it can be used to tell the extent in which men undergo violence in real life situations. Men can also use this book to help them evade any other form of domestic violence against them and therefore reducing the number of men who die as a result of domestic violence. Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, Gene Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London: RCPsych Publications, 2013. Print. This book has been written collectively by different authors who specialize in domestic violence ideas. It is about prevalence and physical health impacts of domestic violence. It talks about types of abuses in marriage such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and coercive control and also it questions them and gives clues on their solution. It also tackles the effects of a person’s psychology which is deeply affected even in the future that may not get them out of his mind. It stresses on the survival strategies to evade such abuses and also how one can control his or her mind to avoid damaging his or her psychology. In addition, it states the methods of interventions and responses people can take after or when you suspect any form of violence. Advice from professionals on domestic violence is also written down.This text has directives on what causes mental problems after abuse. It also gives us ways on how to control ourselves and maintain a state of calmnes s so as not disturb our stressed mind. It educates us on different forms of domestic violence. Different qualified professionals wrote it, and each field is well represented. It is an important text for it has the advices on domestic violence from professionals. The story in this book can help us to evade mental problems due to domestic abuses. It can also be used by psychiatrists to know what causes a certain mental disorder, and they can use the ideas here to enable their clients who are undergoing this problem to get out of it. It can also be used to educate couples so that when they are not in good terms to try to their best solve the problem before it gets out of hand. The advices written in this book can also apply in the same way to advice people especially those undergoing domestic violence depending on the cause and the kind of violence. Kubany, Edward S, Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence: A Workbook for Women. Oakland: New Harbinger The book, Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence: A Workbook for Women, is directed to those who have been freed from domestic violence and especially women. Due to violent domestic situations, one may develop post-traumatic stress disorders which are not easy to get out of one’s mind and can negatively affect that person. It aims at giving programs known as cognitive trauma therapy which one undergoes to help him or her come back to normal. It gives the techniques one can use them to help himself or herself by identifying any form of trauma and distress. And by so doing it can enable one to deal with it to help control and change his or her life. This book is targeting those who have been affected by domestic violence so that they come back to normal for those who were traumatized. It is an educational tool for the society to understand the devastating effects of wife battering. Therefore, it makes us even to identify those who are going through post-traumatic stress. It contains technics, and procedures one can follow so that they make him deal any results brought by domestic violence. It is also helpful as it helps chase out any fears one has due to what they went through during that horrifying period of domestic violence. Psychiatrists can use this book to help traumatized people by helping them to come back to normal. The ideas here can help us even to identify those going through stress in their marriage so that they help before its too late. Parents who are not in good terms can use this book to read and understand what one may go through if such incidences happen. The techniques in this book about dealing with trauma after violence can be used by psychiatrists to help clients who underwent this ordeal. Therefore, they identify what the form of trauma is, and this can help them to accordingly better their lives. It can also be used individually as one can remember well what went wrong in that marriage and helped them better their lives. References Cook, Philip W. Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport: Praeger,  2009. Print. Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver: UBC Press,  2006. Print. Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, Gene Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London: RCPsych Publications,  2013. Print. Kubany, Edward S, Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence: A Workbook for Women. Oakland: New Harbinger Weiss, Elaine. Surviving Domestic Violence: Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano: Volcano Press,  2004. Print. Source document

How to Write a Synthesis Essay :: Synthesis Essays, Argumentative Essays

A synthesis is a written discussion that draws on one or more sources. It follows that your ability to write syntheses depends on your ability to infer relationships among sources - essays, articles, fiction, and also nonwritten sources, such as lectures, interviews, observations. This process is nothing new for you, since you infer relationships all the time - say, between something you've read in the newspaper and something you've seen for yourself, or between the teaching styles of your favorite and least favorite instructors. In fact, if you've written research papers, you've already written syntheses. In an academic synthesis, you make explicit the relationships that you have inferred among separate sources. The skills you've already been practicing in this course will be vital in writing syntheses. Clearly, before you're in a position to draw relationships between two or more sources, you must understand what those sources say; in other words, you must be able to summarize these sources. It will frequently be helpful for your readers if you provide at least partial summaries of sources in your synthesis essays. At the same time, you must go beyond summary to make judgments - judgments based, of course, on your critical reading of your sources - as you have practiced in your reading responses and in class discussions. You should already have drawn some conclusions about the quality and validity of these sources; and you should know how much you agree or disagree with the points made in your sources and the reasons for your agreement or disagreement. Further, you must go beyond the critique of individual sources to determine the relationship among them. Is the information in source B, for example, an extended illustration of the generalizations in source A? Would it be useful to compare and contrast source C with source B? Having read and considered sources A, B, and C, can you infer something else - D (not a source, but your own idea)? Because a synthesis is based on two or more sources, you will need to be selective when choosing information from each. It would be neither possible nor desirable, for instance, to discuss in a ten-page paper on the battle of Wounded Knee every point that the authors of two books make about their subject. What you as a writer must do is select the ideas and information from each source that best allow you to achieve your purpose. Your purpose in reading source materials and then in drawing upon them to write your own material is often reflected in the wording of an assignment.

Fly Away Peter, David Malouf Essay

â€Å"Two little dickie birds, Sitting on a wall; One named Peter, One named Paul. Fly away Peter! Fly away Paul! Come Back Peter! Come Back Paul!† Traditional Throughout ‘Fly Away Peter’ Malouf utilises a variety of literary techniques such as contrast, Imagery, Symbolism and foreshadowing to portray ideas and themes. The title ‘Fly Away Peter’ makes reference to the traditional English nursery rhyme ‘Two Little Dickie Birds’. Moulaf utilises this nursery rhyme to make the connection between themes within ‘Fly Away Peter’ and everyday life. â€Å"Two little dickie birds, Sitting on a wall;† These opening lines of the nursery rhyme introduce two of the main ideas within the novel. The two birds talked about in the nursery rhyme are Peter and Paul. the birds and are a reference to the motif of birds seen throughout the book. The birds are used to symbolise the idea of life being a continuous cycle that carries on regardless of the situation, â€Å"even here, in the thick of the fighting, there were birds†. For Jim the birds symbolised normality and provided a â€Å"private reassurance†. This provided Jim with a sense of normality in the middle of ‘hell’. In the rhyme the wall symbolises the sanctuary. The sanctuary symbolises the ‘garden of Eden’ and Moulaf has used the sanctuary to contrast the war. This is introducing the idea of good versus evil. A variety of techniques are used to introduce the sanctuary. Being a poet, Moulaf has used long flowing descriptions utilising descriptive language such as â€Å"intensely blue† â€Å"tobacco brown† â€Å"flared† and â€Å"piano-wires singing†. These add an extra level to the understanding and the natural beauty of the sanctuary. The sanctuary is also used to introduce another theme of the novel, two planes of live. Within the first sentence Moulaf uses a narrator voice to introduce the setting of the novel. With the Use of Jim being a narrator Moulaf foreshadows the idea of there being two planes of life. â€Å"a clumsy shape had been lifting itself out of an invisible paddock†. The invisible paddock talked about in the first sentence is foreshadowing of the introduction of the two planes of life. Moulaf is also using symbolism. The â€Å"invisible paddock† symbolises the sky, and as later introduced the view from the sky is the second plane of life. Moulaf has used the lines; â€Å"One named Peter, One named Paul† to link the characters of the book to the religious views and ways of living in the 1960’s. In the 1750’s the rhyme ‘Two Little Dickie Birds’ talked of two birds names Jack and Gill, in the early 1900’s the names were changed to the disciples ‘Peter and Paul’. In ‘Fly away Peter’ Moulaf has used this link between the birds name to introduce the religious connections. The bird peter symbioses Jim and Paul symbolises Ashley in the context of ‘Fly away Peter’. Throughout the novel Moulaf uses the literary technique of narration to tell parts of the story. â€Å"The world Jim found himself in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this narrator figure symbolises God. Jim and Ashley also symbolise angels. This references the first quote Moulaf placed in the front of the novel. The â€Å"divine creature† is an angel. Jim and Ashley are angels incarnated in a human form, and the ‘flying away’ is the time on earth and the coming back is the return to heaven. In the novel Jim dies from injuries sustained form a battle, and in this the cycle of his life is complete and he returns to heaven. The lines â€Å"Fly away peter, Fly away Paul† foreshadow Jim and Ashley going to fight in the war. The war is the complete contrast of the Sanctuary. The descriptive language used shows the contrast between the two locations. Moulaf describes the sanctuary using phrases such as â€Å"wooded country beyond† and â€Å"silvery scrub† in comparison to the description of the war; â€Å"The air was tormented† and â€Å"Deadly†. The war is over-run with rats, which are seen as creatures of evil, where as the sanctuary is full of birds which are  creatures of the sky. Moulaf also uses the cattle trucks to symbolise how the soldiers were treated. The trucks had a sign which read â€Å"eight horses or forty men† meaning the army treated the soldiers as if they were as replicable as cattle. The cattle trucks also took the cattle to the abattoir, likewise the cattle truck is taking the majority of the soldiers to their death. The rhyme itself is a cycle, the birds fly away and come back again â€Å"Come back Peter! Come back Paul!†. With the religious understanding and interpretation of the novel the coming back is returning to heaven, however the coming back can also be related to the quote at the beginning of the book, where it talks about â€Å"the stone will be our bed†, the returning is being buried in the earth. Moulaf introduces the theme of digging early in the novel, however this motif is used when Jim is dying. During war digging symbolises a grave, and after a long exposure to war Jim assumes digging has to be for a grave â€Å"a grave it must be†. During Jim’s stream of consciousness before his death he meets Clancy, the first hint that Jim has either passed on or is hallucinating. Clancy instructs Jim to dig, â€Å"That’s the style! Dig†. When you are buried you are returned to the earth, and hence returned to the stone. This is part of the continuous cycle of life. The lines â€Å"Come Back Peter! Come Back Paul!† foreshadow the ending of the novel and complete the cycle, which is one of the key themes Moulaf is portraying. Moulaf has used a variety of literary techniques such as contrast, Imagery, Symbolism and foreshadowing to portray ideas and themes throughout ‘Fly Away Peter’. Malouf focuses on the theme the continuous circle of life to illustrate the connection between the novel and life â€Å"the places, the stories of a life that was continuous elsewhere†.

Biographical Criticism: To Build a Fire by Jack London

The short story â€Å"To Build a Fire† is not the typical man versus man struggle. It is more of a man versus nature, or in other perspective, a man versus himself struggle. It only has two characters, a man and a dog, both traversing a snowy path towards a certain place, despite knowing the inevitability of danger or even death itself. In the end, death was sure for the man, as his struggle against himself and against nature ended drastically.The dog, following his instinct, went away towards safety. But the story is not only a work of fiction. It is in itself, a combination of the writer’s imagination and his real life. Jack London is one of those writers who lived a very colorful life. Jack London is not the typical writer who wrote for pleasure in his pastime or has made a living out of writing. London grew up without knowing his dad, and eventually lived his life under the care of a foster parent.He worked manual labor in both land and sea, and when he finds a free time, that’s when he scribbles down his thoughts. London literally struggled against himself and his environment. When the time came that he has to live by himself, he worked hard in order to sustain his needs. It was like trying to create a fire in a vast land covered by snow so that you would survive the night and would not freeze to death. He has to take care of everything in order to survive.As a man, Jack London grew up in a hostile environment full of snow which would kill him anytime if he doesn’t take care of himself. The story â€Å"To Build a Fire† is not just the work of imagination by Jack London. Somehow, it is affected by his outlook in life, as well as his influences in life. All of his struggles against himself and his harsh environment were reflected in the story. These struggles would literally make or break you. It made Jack London, and it killed the man in the story.

Finagle a Bagle Essays

Finagle a Bagle Essays Finagle a Bagle Essay Finagle a Bagle Essay New England small business that makes bagels. It is at the forefront of one of the freshest concepts in the food service business (Fresh Bagels). Rather than prepackaging menu Items, store employees make everything to order to satisfy the specific needs of each guest. With this the product Bagel Is pre pared to the customers satisfaction. The awesome thing about Finagle A Bagel is that despite the price and the importance of being able to compete In the world of quick-serve food. This I believe sets Finagle A Bagel apart from others because sugarless of cost, the company will not compromise its quality. Finagle A Bagel goes a step farther to find the best possible ingredient and then examines the cost and calculates an approximate retail price. Which tell me that Finagle A Bagel put it customers first and is all about customer satisfaction? Finagle A Bagel has 17 retail stores in the city of Boston and surrounding suburbs and a wholesale business that delivers bagels to area caterers, hospitals, universities. And to maximize distribution Finagle A Bagel has about 450 employees and they have 17 retail locations and there wholesale business delivers to about 350 wholesale customers a year. To promote Finagle A Bagel It uses the Frequent Finagle Card and a web-based system to help In the promotion. This Is Finagle A Bagel big push right now to use technology as a means of generating store traffic. These forces from the marketing environment impact Finagle A Bagel. They face the competition of other bagel chains. The fact that people only have so many dining dollars that can afford to spend. And the social cultural aspect also surround Finagle A Bagel. :

The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France Essays - Kingdom Of France

The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France Essays - Kingdom Of France The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France The French Revolution was a significant milestone in European history, remembered by many in historical and literary works. The situation in France, mostly under the leadership of Louis XVI, had a negative influence in France, thus creating a perfect climate for the French Revolution. France was plagued by both debt, and poor decision making. prior to 1789. France was poverty-stricken and burdened with some of the highest debts. On the and Interior Minister Chretien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes (*The economic origins of the French revolution, pg. 4). Louis introduced some of the most oppressive taxes and instituted financial reforms. Greater reforms were prevented by the opposition of the upper classes and court. This opposition was so strong that Turgot was forced to resign and was replaced by Jauques Necker. Lengthy wars, the support to the American Revolution and the gross amount of taxes paid and the lavish spending of the court contributed to the huge national debt. The governments financial problems were made worse after 1740 by the renewal of costly wars (the French revolution, pg. 9). The war of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years War (1756-1763) were European wars over the domination of central Europe and colonial and commercial wars between France and Great Britain (*Aspects of the French Revolution pg. ). At their end, in 1763 France had lost almost all of its colonial empire in America and India. In 1778 the French launched an attack against Britain in the American Revolution. They were hoping to weaken old rivalries and regain lost colonies. The hopes of the French were not realized and their participation in the war increased an already heavy national debt. After Louis XVI granted financial aid (1778-81) to the American colonies revolting against Great Britain, Necker proposed drastic taxes on the nobility. Necker was forced to resign in 1781 (Louis XVI and M. Antoinette ..pg 37) because of the discontentment of the people. Charles Alexandre deCalonne replaced him in 1783 and borrowed money for the court until the borrowing limit was reached (* Canadian Encyclopedia ref: france, revolution ). The anger of the French people against taxes, debt and lavish spending on the Court resulted in the recall of Necker in 1788, who still could not prevent bankruptcy of the government. During the next couple of years the financial crisis steadily worsened, because the government was bankrupt. Louis was forced to call a meeting with a delegate of the Estates-General, ( a government group consisting of representatives of the clergy, nobility and commoners). Once in the meeting the Estates-General took power of the government. One of the other causes of the national debt was at the fault of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Louis XVI was described as not overly intelligent, weak and incapable king (* Encarta, ref: Louis XVI). But he was intelligent enough to get money from the government. It was well known that Louis was more concerned with his own personal affairs than with the interests of the court and the people. Often work bored him and he left his work up to his advisors an ministers. He preferred to spend a lot time and the peoples money on extravagant things, and his wife. Rather than paying back previous debts and helping the situation, he increased taxes on the peasants and spent more money, worsening the predicament. By 1787, the national debt was 112,000,000 livres (* the French Revolution, Albert... pg. 25) and continued to get worse, sharpening the national debt even more. In the time leading up into and during the French Revolution there was class tensions, often between the nobility and the peasants. There were also poor living conditions. Some say that these situations are not Louis XVIs fault but were problems he inherited with the throne. So he cannot be blamed for the events leading into the French Revolution. In this time period there were class tensions. The nobles had all the privileges and rights. The peasants were stepped on from every angle. So what made the nobles so desirable? There was glamour, distinction and recognition that the noble statues brought. They had a range of privileges that they received. Nobles took precedence on public occasions, and carried swords. (the French Revolution, sydenham, ..pg 61)They were entitled to a trial at a special courts. They also enjoyed financial advantages. They paid no duties on transferring feudal property and nobility conferred exemption from the basic tax, le taille (* Oxford, pg.

The Only Actual Science You Need to Know for ACT Science

The Only Actual Science You Need to Know for ACT Science SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While youmay have been toldyou need zero science knowledge to answer any ACT Science questions, this is NOT true. There are typically around four questions per test that you cannot answer without previous background knowledge.That's the difference between a 31 and a 36 on the Science section! In this article, I willgive an overview of the 13 topics that will NOT be explained in the ACT Science passages that the ACT expects you to know. The ACT assumes you know these topics from school and science class. To gather this info, I dissected dozens of previous ACT Science test sections to find the concepts you have to know. As far as we can tell, we're the only ones who have taken the time to research this. If you've gotten bad grades in science classes in school, this article will give you a refresher on the only concepts you need to know. Reminder: If you haven't already, check out our Ultimate Study Guide for ACT Science.It contains dozens of ACT Science guides going into every question type tested, strategies to tackle the questions, and how you should be organizing your prep to raise your score. In order to best answer this question of what science you actually need to know for the ACT Science section, I am going tostart with what topics the ACT says the Science section covers. According to the ACT makers, "The content of the Science Test includes biology, chemistry, physics, and the Earth/spacesciences (for example, geology, astronomy, and meteorology).† So much information. Do You Need to Be a Science Expert to Succeed on ACT Science? No, and even the ACT makers admit that â€Å"Advanced knowledge in these subjects is not required, but background knowledge acquired in general, introductory science courses is needed to answer some of the questions. The test emphasizes scientific reasoning skills over recall of scientific content, skill in mathematics, or reading ability.† Why Don’t You Need Expert Knowledge? In the ACT Science passages, they give you the majority of the information you need to answer the questions.They explain most of the terms within the passage. See for yourself inthis example passage, from a free ACT online practice test: You can see in this passage they give you definitions for most of the terms: refracted, seismograph, focus, shadowzone, the types of seismic waves, the difference between p and s waves. How Much BackgroundKnowledge Do You Need to Answer Most ACT Science Questions? Very little. Most of the questions can be answered using your knowledge of reading graphs and charts.Check out our article on the types of ACT Science Passages for more information about this strategy. For the questions that you can’t answer with the visuals, you can usually figure them out by reading the passage. However, there will be times you can't find the answer in the passage- and that's what we're discussing in this article. What Information Will Not Be Given in the Passage? As I mentioned earlier, there are typically around four questions per test that you cannot answer without previous knowledge.In my study of old ACT Science sections, I have found a total of 13 topics spanning biology, chemistry, physics, and math (yes, math) that you need to know. Here is the overview. I'll go into more depth on each topic below. Biology Cell Biology DNA, RNA, and Ribosomes Natural Selection Chemistry Basic Molecule Structure Freezing/Boiling Point of Water in Celsius pH Scale Molar Mass Concepts How Charges Interact Phase Changes Physics Gravity Density Formula Density Rules Math Basic Math Skills The basic overviews that I present below should be all you need toknow for the test, but I provide links to more in-depth explanations if you would like to do more reading. In our first topic, Cell Biology, you'll also see the first example of a question that you wouldn't be able to answer without prior knowledge, even after reading the passage. Knowledge Subject 1: Biology Topic 1: Cell Biology You need to know certaincell organelles (parts of cells), their functions, and whether they are found in animal or plant cells. Animal Cell Structure Lysosomes hold enzymes. Lysosomes digest food or break down the cell when it dies. Mitochondria are organelles that act like a digestive system, which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy-rich molecules (ATP) for the cell. The cell nucleus acts asthe brain of the cell. It contains the cell's DNA, or the genetic information, from which proteins are made (see Topic 2, coming up next). It also helps control eating, movement, and reproduction. Chloroplasts only exist in plant cells and assist in the process of photosynthesis, converting light into energy (which only plants do, not animals). The cell membraneholdsall of the pieces of the cell and serves as the barrier between the cell and other cells. Belowis a sample question where you need an understanding of these organelles to select the correct answer. The chemical reaction mentioned in the passage was photosynthesis. Knowingthat photosynthesis happens inchloroplasts, I can correctly choose answer F. But nowhere in the passage was it said that chloroplasts are where photosynthesis happens! This is a fact you had to know before the test. While there are many other organelles, the ones listed above and ribosomes (which I will cover in the next topic) should be the only organelles you need to know for the test. Also, you should not need to know any other information about these organelles. If you would like to do more reading on these topics, click here. Topic 2: DNA, RNA, Ribosomes, and Protein Synthesis DNA contains the genetic information needed for making proteins (protein synthesis). Protein synthesisinvolves DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins. DNA acts as the blueprint for protein production. The Process of Protein Synthesis Messenger RNA (known as mRNA) makes a copy of the sequence of DNA of a specific gene. This process is known as transcription and happens in the nucleus. Once the mRNA is made, it leaves the nucleus and enters the cytosol of the cell. Ribosomes use mRNA as aguide to make protein of the same amino acid sequence as the original DNA.The process of producing protein from the mRNA is referred to as translation. So, the process of protein synthesis consists of two steps: DNA to mRNA transcription and mRNA to protein translation.If you would like to read a more detailed summary, click here. Topic 3: Natural Selection Natural selection is also known as 'survival of the fittest.' In a specific environment, traits that allow organisms to reproduce more effectively will become more common, and traits that reduce reproductive success will become less common. A classic example of this is the change in peppered moth color during the industrial revolution. In England, the burning of coal during the industrial changed tree bark from light brown to dark brown in color. The peppered moth blended in perfectly and was hidden from predators.However, once clean air acts were passed, the trees quickly returned to a lighter color, making the dark moths easily visible to predators. Meanwhile, lighter colored moths were still hidden from view and survived to lay eggs. Thus, because of natural selection, over the course of years, the moths turned from dark to light in color!Click here for more information. The Strong Survive, the Weak Hang On Knowledge Subject 2: Chemistry Topic 4: Basic Molecule Structure The ACT Science section expects you to know the basic molecular structure of sugar, fat, protein, and nucleic acids. C6H12O6is the basic sugar molecule structure (for more on sugar molecules, click here). There are many different kids of fats: saturated, unsaturated, trans (you may have seen this on nutrition labels). The test does not expect you to know each structure. You only need to know that fatsare made up of C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), and O (Oxygen), and to differentiate fats from sugar, fats have nearly twice the number of H as C and a very small number of O. Fats are much bigger in size than sugar (for more information on fat molecules, click here). For example,an unsaturated fat triglyceride has a chemical formula ofC55H98O6. Proteins are composed of amino acids (as I mentioned in the above section on protein synthesis, proteins are made based on the original DNA sequence). There are many different protein structures, but all proteins contain C, H, O and N (Nitrogen). Click for more information on proteins and amino acids. Nucleic acids are biomolecules. Two types of nucleic acids that we already discussed are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids are different from Sugar, Fat, and Proteins becausethey aremade up of P (Phosphorus) and N in addition to C, H, and O. For more information on nucleic acids, click here. Here is a sample question from the ACT: In order to answer this question, you need to look atthis equation from the passage: You then see that the Carbon from the originalCO2becomes a part ofC6H12O6.However, you need to know thatC6H12O6is a sugar molecule to get the correct answer G. Once again, the ACT expects that you know how photosynthesis works, and what the chemical formula for sugar is! You wouldn't be able to get this information from the passage. Topic #5:Freezing/Boiling Point of Water in Celsius Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils at 100 degrees Celsius. That is all you need to know. Memorize those numbers. For more information, click here. Topic 6: pH Scale A pH scale is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. While the pH scale formally measures the activity of hydrogen ions in a substance or solution, it is typically approximated as the concentration of hydrogen ions. All you need to know is that a pH of below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic, and at 7 is considered neutral. Fun fact: the beverage Coke has a pH of 2.50 while drinking water typically has a pH of 7.00, and hand soap has a pH of around 10. Coke's very acidic! For more information, click here. Topic 7:Molar Mass Concepts Remember the periodic table? Don't worry- you don't need to memorize molar weights of elements. The only molar mass concept you need to know is that the mass of a molecule is the sum of the mass of its atoms. This appears in an ACT question asking aboutoxygen's weight versuscarbon dioxide's weight. You need to know thatO2is lighter per molecule thanCO2because CO2has an extra Carbon atom compared to oxygen. Check out this ACT Science question: In order to answer this question, you need to use this figure from the passage as well as your outside knowledge. Figure 2 shows that the pressure exerted byO2was greater, eliminating answer choices F and G.However, nothing in the passage tells you if there are moreO2molecules per gram orCO2molecules per gram.You nowknow thatO2is lighter per molecule than CO2, sothe answer is J. For more information aboutO2versus CO2, click here. Topic 8: How Charges Interact Atoms are composed of three types of particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other. For example, two positive charges will repel each other while a positive and a negative charge will attract. For more information, click here. Topic 9:Phase Changes I already mentioned the freezing and boiling point of water in Celsius, but you also need to know the order of phase changes. Below freezing point, a material will be in solid form, just above freezing point a material will be in liquid form, above boiling point, liquid becomes gas (is vaporized). One natural way to think about this is in terms of water. When it's really cold, it turns to ice (solid). When it warms up, it turns to liquid. Then, when you boil it, it turns to steam (gas). For more information, click here. Want to learn more about ACT Science? Check out our new ACT Science prep book. If you liked this lesson, you'll love our book. It includes everything you need to know to ace ACT Science, including deep analysis of the logic behind ACT Science questions, a full breakdown of the different passage and question types, and tons of expert test-taking and study tips. Download our full-length prep book now: Knowledge Subject 3: Physics Topic 10:Gravity You need to know thatgravity is a downward force that acts on objects, and other forces (such as a spring or pulley) can counteract gravity. This will come up a lot in passages that show experiments using springs or pulleys. For more on gravity, click here. Topic 11:Density Formula Density is the degree of compactness of a substance. To calculate the density of a substance, you use the formula: Density = mass/volume For more information on density, mass, and volume, click here. Topic 12:Density Rules You need to know more about density than just the formula. You need to know the main density rule. Denser objects sink, and less dense objects float.Objects only float when they are less dense than the liquid they are placed in. An easy way to think about this: what happens when you throw a rock into water? It sinksthat's because the rock is denser than water, meaning it weighs more for the same volume. What about when you throw a styrofoam cup onto water? It floats- because styrofoam is less dense than water. For the same volume, styrofoam weighs a lot less than water. For more on this rule, click here. Knowledge Subject 4: Math Topic 13: Basic Math Skills You are not allowed to use your calculator on the science section. Yet, there are problems that require math skills like the one below. In order to solve this problem, you have to use the given information from the passage that Algol C is a 1.7 solar-mass MS Star.Then, you have to multiply 1.7 by the mass of the sun (solar-mass) given to you in the question, 2.0 x 10^30.You need to be able to do basic multiplication. 1.7 x 2.0 x 10^30= 3.4 X 10^30, so the answer is C. In order to refresh your basic math skills, I suggest during your practice to attempt some of the easier ACT Math Section questions (the first 15 questions) without using your calculator. And that's it!By knowing these concepts, you'll be able to answer any basic science question the ACT throws at you. If any of these concepts are unfamiliar to you, review them and brush off the cobwebs- you won't need to know the details beyond what's in this article, but it won't hurt to get more attuned to the science topics. What’s Next? Now that you know the basic science for ACT science, it's time to tackle the rest of the science section.Check out our article about the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages.Learnthe big secret of ACT Scienceandthe best way to read ACT Science passages. Reminder: If you haven't already, check out ourUltimate Study Guide For ACT Science.It contains dozens of ACT Science guides going into every question type tested, strategies to tackle the questions, and how you should be organizing your prep to raise your score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today: